Lord Of The Flies Civilization Versus Savagery English Literature Essay

master Of The locomote Civilization Versus atrociousness English Literature EssayThe paper for Lord of the Flies erect be different things to different people. round of the themes could be heavy vs. evil, sensibility vs. impulsiveness, or acculturation vs. savagery. In Lord of the Flies there argon dickens sides conflicting with each other throughout the whole story, and these are refining vs. savagery. In Lord of the Flies civilization represents good spell savagery represents evil. Civilization is the good inside of man to choose to alive(p) by rules, under authority, act formerable, and peaceful with others. Savagery represents the evil of choosing non to live peacefully with others and not live by rules, merely preferably living to gain power any over others and acting roughly. However, living by rules and authority does not al slipway guarantee peace and acting violently does not make someone a savage. The boys in Lord of the Flies confront the decision the y shake off to make whether to live by rules or to live violently and gain power for themselves this shows the boys change of port from existence civilized and having good behavior to macrocosm wild and violent, as sh throw in the two main characters Ralph and turd, and the loss of the boys innocence.When Ralph and Piggy arrive on the island they give that there are other boys on the island other than themselves and define to come across the boys each(prenominal) together by blowing through a conch that they find. . at one time all the boys are gathered, Ralph tells them they need a chief to rule over them. Some thought that they still needed adult leadershipand asked, Arent there each adults? (Golding 20). Once they realized there were no adults on the island with them, they were not but sure what to do. The boys decide to still stick by previous rules and behavior. They decide they want a leader when they say, Vote for a chief (Golding 22). This shows the boys believed in some kind of leadership whether an adult or an older kid. Once they voted Ralph as chief they withal agreed to use the conch that Ralph used to rallying cry them together. The conch plays a genuinely important role throughout the story. The conch helps gather meetings and also allows the person holding it to speak. This is an example of order among the boys. The conch governs the group of boys much than Ralph does. As the boys good behavior starts to disappear, so does the power of the conch and order. The disappearance of this is shown throughout the entire story until at the very end of the story all the boys, dismantle Ralph, became what Golding wanted to showGolding sees moral behavior, in many cases, as something that civilization forces upon the individual rather than a natural expression of human individuality. When unexpended to their own devices, Golding implies, people naturally revert to cruelty, savagery, and barbarism (SparkNotes Editors).This shows the decisi on the boys in Lord of the Flies had to make either to live by rules or to live wild and violently. In the end they chose to live wild and violently.The two main characters of Lord of the Flies are Ralph and Jack. Ralph is the protagonist and the representative of civilization (Golding 206). Jack is the antagonist and typeizes savagery and violence. The conflict between Ralph and Jack begins at the very first meeting when the boys vote for a chief and Ralph is chosen over Jack. I ought to be chief, said Jack with a bare(a) arrogance, because Im a chapter choristerand head boy. I give the sack sing in C sharp (Golding 22). This shows the beginning of Jacks jealousy towards Ralph because he was used to macrocosm the leader. It also shows the jealousy of man and how it makes someone want their own power.Ralph is a very big influence on the younger boys. He believes in taking care of the boys and finding ways for everyone to be rescued. Some ways he did this is by building the fire and huts. For this reason, Ralphs power and influence over the other boys are secure at the beginning of the novel (SparkNotes Editors). To the boys, Ralph, Piggy, and Simon are a sign of security. However, gradually, throughout the story the security of Ralph is not sufficiency for the boys when their violent side takes over. Throughout the whole story Ralph symbolizes order until he is the only who doesnt join Jacks group. Jack is the opposite of Ralph. Jack desires to select power over all the boys but it is taken away when Ralph is voted chief. The violent side of Jack begins when he starts hunting pigs and uses the idea of the beast. The idea of a beast causes the boys to feel fear. The more of a savage Jack becomes, the more he influences the boys to become savages. Some symbols that represent Jack are the Lord of the Flies that becomes both a physical manifestation of the beast, a symbol of the power of evil, and a kind of Satan figure who evokes the beast inwardly each hu man being (SparkNotes Editors). This shows the evil that hid in Jack but is also in mankind. The beast is the primal instinct of savagery that exists within all human beings (SparkNotes Editors), the one thing that f remunerateens all the boys and is the main reason that Jack gains power over the boys. In The Scarlet Ibis there is a resemblance between brother and Jack because they manipulate people to beware to them and do what they want them to do. The conflict between Ralph and Jack is the choice of gaining ones own power or caring for the needs of others.When they come to the island the boys fill no thought of acting violent or wild. They dont know really what to do without adult supervision so they create their own rules. Here it is hinted that the rules the boys have agreed to will not be followed or go ford for very long because of the situation the boys are in which is complete independence from everything theyve known. In Liberty the family wants freedom from the dange r that they are in. However there is good freedom and bad freedom. The boys are in a place where freedom is all around them and there are no adults to tell them what is right or wrong. This kind of freedom is very dangerous because the longer they dwell on the island without any rules, the more they forget what good behavior is and in the end become wild and violent. Through the influence of the beast and Jack all the boys slowly become enthralled by the ways of savagery. The influence of Jack causes the boys to find pleasure in drink downing, torturing and spilling the dividing line of animals. The boys become so enthralled that they chant, Kill the beast Cut his throat Spill his blood (Golding 152) They become so violent and wild that they even beat and kill some boys, pretending they are the pig. It was dark. There was that that bloody dance. There was lightning and gravy and rain. We was scared (Golding 156) shows the boys dont think of what they did as wrong but as a gam e. Their savagery represents the evil that dwelt inside them of wanting to hurt someone or something. The group of boys in the beginning of the book is far from being the analogous group of boys at the end of the story. Ralph at the end of the story cries because he realizes that evil dwells not only in adults but also in children.Throughout Lord of the Flies civilization represents good, while savagery represents evil. However, the books theme also shows the evil that man has inside if given the opportunity to show it. The boys in Lord of the Flies had to decide if they wanted to live by rules or live violently. They had rules that they followed but there was no one to enforce it on them. Civilization may have rules but that does not call up that people will always obey them. Lord of the Flies shows that a good amount of time away from civilization can have a drastic affect on a person and they susceptibility not remember how to act properly in society. The decline of the boys b ehavior throughout the story from being civilized and having good behavior to being wild and violent shows that evil dwells in every human. Man can chose to control that evil or fall under its control as shown in the fall of the boys in Lord of the Flies.

Numeracy Levels in BT1 Training Programme

Numeracy Levels in BT1 Training Programme run into for Methods BT1 NumeracyAbstractThis interrogation go away investigate the readiness of school-age childs to join the grassroots grooming program. It leave al mavin focus on the perceptions of lag at No1 radio appargonl School charm marrying these com handsts to savant per mannequinance. The enquiry volition focus on the aims of numeracy deep down the student population and their expertness to rehearse this to the movement material, whilst relating this to their afoot(predicate) take aim of competencys. These issues atomic number 18 non strictly associated with the imperial Air Forces educational activity but atomic number 18 prevalent throughout the education and training sectors. The subjects of literacy and numeracy concur been identified as beas that be vastly under explore, it is hoped that the issues raised in the short seek project will see however inquiry questions that in cultivate may fo rm representative of further search. incomingThe field of work this look for will investigate lies within the MoD, unique(predicate) everyy the RAF at DCAE Cosford. The school being intentd to admit this explore is No1 receiving set School, delivering training to Basic Trainees and Assimilation Trainees for each(prenominal) ground trades now cognize as Trade Group Four (TG4). The students ages range from 17 to 30 years of age. This seek will focus on whiz special(prenominal) target pigeonholing, Basic Training 1 (BT1). These students ar new members of the proud Air Force and will pitch just completed their base training at Halton (Ten weeks) they welcome come to Cosford to begin their trade item training.The contour is ten months in length, over which the students will cover two normals and trade training. The entranceway requirement for this trade is a minimum of ternion GCSEs, in Physics, math and superstar different subject. However they do admit for granted nearly-nigh undivideds with lesser qualifications as an exception and occasionally current members of the RAF who tender to change their trade. The trade requirements ar specific and on that pointfore it would be sightly to assume the students staple fiber level of literacy and in particular numeracy, would be enough to al secondary them to develop throughout this stratum. look for Issue.This look for will look specifically at the levels of numeracy within the BT1 student population. It will try and identify if on that point is a problem and seek to fork over evidence of every issues while providing recommendations for advancement. To arrest that in that respect is no breach of ethics, the research will focus on the perceptions of the staff and the results from the students.This research issued raised questions that essential dish uping, wherefore is it that fitted students recuperate the level 2 key skills and the level 2 maths phase of the BT1 trai ning difficult? It is these issues that have intrigued me for virtually magazine.I believe this issue is worthy of research, however it is kinda possible that spare questions will be raised that fall outside the scope of this research and may require additional research before they peck be answered. query FocusIt has become apparent that new students entering the Royal Air Force as trade stem 4 instrument main(prenominal)tainers, although qualified for trade do not appear to posses the prerequisite association required to complete the Key Skills at level 2 and the mathematics phase of the course. That is not to say they all fail. That would be far from the truth, it is the worry they demonst estimate when completing this phase of the course. The reason that this research is so definitive is this first phase of the course is crucial for the students. It outflows them the skills and knowledge they require, which in bust will allow them to apply this knowledge to new proble ms and situations as they get along through the course. These skills could be contemplateed tools of the trade, without a good grasp of these concepts the students will not throw out the maximum benefit from the course.LiteratureLiteracy and numeracy have become major issues in the field of education since the Moser report 1999, the working group pass by Sir Claus Moser in the opening arguing of the report stated, nearlywhatthing like one adult in five in this country is not functionally literate and far more people have problems with numeracy.Moser, C (1999)This statement is met with surprise when you discuss this subject, however Moser states,We have found that people are staggered when one con straw mans them with the basic accompaniments roughly literacy and numeracy, and rightly soIt is a state of personal matters that nookienot be allowed to continue, and our Report proposes a wide ranging come up to the challengeMoser, C (1999)M whatever(prenominal) organisation s have concerns about the statistics when it comes to Literacy and numeracy in the adult population, Wells, A (2004) states,Surveys in the 1990s suggested that between 15 and 19 per cent of adults had poor basic skills. However, the International Adult Literacy Survey in the late 1990s suggested a much higher figure of 23 per cent or septenary billion adults.Wells, A (2004)Are we seeing a true picture of the problem? This research has highlighted concerns from staff about the students abilities. It would take care from the statistics that there is a strong correlation.One area this research was unable to quantify was how does sexuality profess numeracy, It was not possible to confirm or deny this beca drill there were low females included in the sample group to desex a good judgement. However a new-fashioned member published by the DFES suggests there is a considerable discrepancy between females and males when it comes to numeracy. Grinyer, J (2006) states,Women and men p erform near equally for literacy, but men significantly vanquish women at numeracy.Grinyer, J (2006)At level 2 this is an interesting fact and one that is perhaps worth of further research. If gender is an issue thence what about current qualification level. Grinyer, J (2006) statesHighest qualification appears to be the best predictor of an individuals literacy and numeracy level, with parental background and local deprivation having larger set up than current employment statusGrinyer, J (2006)Research Hypothesis.The research possibility should be constructed in such a way that the research can disprove the hypothesis. So while the tec believes students have issues with numeracy that directly affect their king to perform throughout the course, and that the accepted entrance qualifications standards do not reflect the abilities of the students, the hypothesis should disown this. (See the hypothesis)The Hypothesis for this piece of research is exclusively BT1 trainees are suffi ciently numerate to attend the BT1 course, as all trainees are qualified to a minimum standard. (Three relevant GCSEs)Research Hypothesis.There are a number of possible questions encompassing a range of divers(prenominal) methodologies the scope of this research will be express to one Research question, below are two possible questions.Why do students on the BT1 course suffer with the issue of numeracy when attending the taught lessons, completing assignments and examinations when they are course qualified?How do staff perceive the readiness of students on the BT1 course to deal with the schoolmans of the course?After consideration and due to the constraints of this research it was persistent to use the later, an interpritivest prelude. Using this question offers the research more or less distinct advantages, first a regulateed scope and secondly and more importantly, it eliminates the students from the research which removes a large percentage of the ethical issue that may arise from inquiring the students directly.This research should identify how instructors timber about the perceived problems students have when victimization the different forms of numeracy.Mercer, N states, one function of theories is to set agendas for research to get certain kinds of questions which the research will attempt to answer.Mercer in Walford (1998 p.42)This question could use a likert means method of answering, thus allowing the individual to grade their savvy or dis transcription of the above question. This question as it stands would not needfully be suitable for the students to answer as it is likely to drive a Yes/No answer, however it could be acceptable for the staff. The same question could be asked in a different way. i.e. How has the GCSE maths helped the students with their study of the other principle subjects?Although it would be more difficult to analyse a short answer would bring out more of the individuals feelings, where as the likert mood just grades the agreement or disagreement. Other questions that might be asked areI. Do you feel the students could complete this course successfully without this qualification (GCSE maths)?II. How did the students maths affect their ability to complete this phase of training?III. Has the student qualification helped them with their studies?Youngman (1986) in ships bell said, The more incorporate a question the easier it will be to analyse. bell (1999 p.119)Research ParadigmWhat is a paradigm? A Paradigm group of coherent ideas about the nature of the world and of the functions of researchers that are adhered to by a group of researchers, conditions and patterns of their thinking which underpins their research actions.What paradigms exist? There are a few key paradigms that exist within educational research prescribed and Interpretiveist. Positivist research uses scientific, Statistical abridgment and empirical methods,Cohen and Manion said, Traditionally, the word refers to those te chniques associated with the positive model eliciting responses to predetermined questions, recording measurements, describing phenomena and performing experiments.Cohen and Manion(1996 p.38)Interpretiveist research deals with human emotions, violence perspectives.Cohen and Manion said, The central endeavour in the context of the interpretive paradigm is to understand the subjective world of human experience.Cohen and Manion(1996 p.36)Ethnographical methods are interpretivist. Gall, M. et al (1996, p607) say, descriptive anthropology involves first hand, intensive study of the features of a given culture and the patterns in those features.Judith Bells thoughts on quantitative and qualitative research identify that quantitative researchers hive up facts and study the relationship. They are measured utilise scientific techniques producing quantifiable and generaliseable conclusions, where as a qualitative perspective is more concerned with individuals perceptions of the world se ek insight rather than statistical abridgment. In addition she concludes that on cause qualitative researchers draw on quantitative techniques and vice versa. This would suggest that one method alone does not have all the answers and therefore we could consider divers(a) methods when conducting research.This research will use an interpretiveist methodology, this approach has been selected as the to the highest degree appropriate as the information will come from members of staff, the information they provide will be their interpretation of the situation hence interpretiveist. This approach has been chosen as more appropriate than positivist approach because there is dinky scientific evidence and the amount of selective information collected would be insufficient to provoke any valid statistical analysis. Ethnographical and eclectic research was also dismissed although it bridges the gap between Positivist and Interpertiveist research. It would however,still have positivist e lements as mentioned previously. However the over arching reasoning for adopting an interpretiveist approach was the limited nature of this research project. Although, it is hoped that the sustainings from this research will generate further questions and spark yet further research questions for future researchResearch MethodologyThis style of research could be considered a case study, as its focus is centred on a specific group of students, belonging to a single organisation. Cohen and Manion state, a case study researcher typically observes the characteristics of an individual unit a child, a clique, a class, a school or a communityCohen and Manion (1996,p106) small-arm this approach would work it is more meet to a continuous improvement program and not a specific piece of research, in addition the length of time it would take to conduct a program of this nature makes this approach unsuitable.In planning the research, various methodologies were considered, however due to the l imited nature of this research and to limit the reach of ethical issues, this research decided that an Interpretiveist approach would be intimately suited. This style of research is relevant, as the research will investigate the attitudes and opinions of the staff and not the students, while using student data to support or refute the takeings.To facilitate this research there were a number of preferred techniques forthcoming for gathering the dataInterviews / MeetingsAcademic resultsReference to external sources (Collages, Universities, Schools, Government Departments)The main reason behind this strategy, methods and analysis tools was time. The other key issue was ethics, for these reasons this research will be conducted through focus group oppositions with staff using structured questions, this data will then be compared with the average results for a class. This approach will limit the impact of ethical issues and allow some conclusions to be drawn. This approach was discus sed with the staff that felt that due to busy dogma commitments this was the most appropriate solution.Judith Bell states, Talking through problems and possible topics with colleagues is an intrinsic stage of any plan.Bell (1999 p.21)The focus group will harp of five lecturers and four instructors, it is envisaged that a single meeting will take place to pose the questions to the staff. The data will be collected via questions say to the staff in preaching groups the responses of the staff were recorded. (See Annex B) To support the findings from the discussion groups the students results will be analysed.Data Collection instrumentsThe data collection will be achieved through structured questions delivered at group meetings where the responses will be tabulated this will give a feeling for the staffs concerns and perhaps some misconceptions. It will also allow any further research to focus its management on specific areas of concern. Once the data has been collected this can b e cross referenced to the student results, identifying any disparities, in addition student results and student retention rates may be useful sources of information.The other methods considered were, interviews, these could be time consuming, as staff are not forever available. A well constructed questionnaire could produce valid reliable results in a sightly time frame. However due to the limited time constraints, this research will utilise meetings with a number of groups and evaluate comments from those meetings to produce an Interpretivist style report. This will not provide hard evidence, however it will expatiate any concerns or trends that may be apparent which in turn could instigate further research. This approach although less structured will give a general feel for the issues, which could lead to further research questions.Sapsford and Jupp differentiate the following facts about collecting data, There are twain advantages and disadvantages to both highly structured and less structured methods in no sense is it true to say that one is more objective than the other.Sapsford and Jupp (1996, p94)Research asperity ensures the data collected is accurate and meaningful, collecting data in a non valid way would affect the final analysis which may produce misconceptions when analysing the research data, thus rendering the research valueless. The research will improve validity through accurate data collection and careful analysis of the results, in addition reliability and repeatability could be enhanced through the triangulation of the data collected. Triangulation is method of verifying the data, checking and ensuring accuracy and ensuring that the findings are qualitative and thus lessen the chance of un endured data.Cohen and Manion said, Triangulation may be defined as the use of two or more methods of data collection the study of some aspect of human behaviour.Cohen and Manion(1996 p.233)The triangulation of the data was achieved through data c ollected from the meeting tones these were then supported by student results and reference to national statistics.elect methods of data collection.This project will use a structured set of questions derived from the research question. The aim was to ask these questions at the focus group meeting, where the staffs responses and opinions were recorded. The principle behind the choice of research and the methodology is predicated upon the limited nature of the research this in turn has limited the choice of methodology (interpertiveist).The limited time scale in which this research was conducted has in turn restricted the modes of research apply to produce the data for evaluation the aim was to gain a feeling from the staff as to how they perceived the research issue. The use of structured questions helped guide the process of data gathering and allowed the collection of data within a very short time scale, this was imperative due to the limited time constraints of this research. Th e interpritiveist approach allows the staffs feelings to be represented against the set criteria thus well-favoured a good degree of relevant data for analysis. While this approach aided the collection of data at a rapid rate it did not offer the widest selection of data. Other methods could have produced further data to support or refute the findings. However this research hopes to triangulate its findings against student data (examination and assignment results).Research ethics.The matter of ethics is an important one if the researcher wants to achieve open and honest answers they must consider ethics when conducting the research. To slew the impact of this research the methodologies have been carefully chosen to reduce the data collection to that of the staff. The students results will be anonymous, to such an extent that the research will not identify the individual students, thus reducing the hazard for others to identify individuals through the results and class group.Resea rchers cannot forever and a day predict what they might find and they may not like what they find however it is the duty of the researcher to be open and honest about the research they are conducting. These are some of the things to consider when conducting research Peoples amenity, that is to say protecting an individuals identity, ensuring that a respondents comments cannot be tracked back to a single individual or group.The Oxford Brookes University classifies research ethics and says,The integrity of any research depends not only on its scientific rigour, but also on its ethical adequacy. Ethical issues are many and varied, and may be quite complex. Research involving human participants is undertaken by many different disciplines and conducted in a broad range of settings and institutions. While some issues are specific to professional groups, all research should be guided by a set of fundamental ethical principles to ensure the protection of human participants.Wood,L (2006)Des ign ConstraintsOne of the main issues when conducting any form of research is time given enough time the research could produce massive amounts of facts, figures and an impression of peoples feelings. In addition to time there is always the cost of conducting research. However most organisations would expect any form of research to be conducted within certain time constraints, thus limiting cost and obtaining results within that time frame. Therefore the research can only be expected to deliver some of the information that is available, and that data would need to be substantiated through triangulation, generalisability and reliability. It is the limited nature of this research that has influenced the chosen methodology, interpertiveist. Although this may limit the validity of the research, the triangulation of the staffs comments and answers to the set questions when linked to student results, should give a reasonable confidence in its findings.Analysis of ResultsThe questions aske d at the focus group and the responces are given belowThe group was asked, Are current BT 1 Trainees academically equipped to join this course?The staff responded with the following statementsAlthough students are qualified they do not seem to be fain for the challenges this course offers.Some staff feel that GCSEs are a lower level qualification than a traditional O level (This used to be the doorway requirement some years ago.)Although the students are qualified they do not seem to have the prerequisite skills to work effectively on the course.Students do not seem to recollect some of the basics of mathematics.It would appear from the response that the staffs perception is that students are not hustling for this course and that the qualifications they hold do not reflect the students abilities. The BBC news web site on 30 October 2003 stated,The survey found 47% of the adults in England or 15 million people had a lower level of mathematical knowledge than was require to gain a grade G at GCSE. The Department for information and Skills blameddecades of neglect for figures showing millions of people lacking basic literacy and numeracy skills.http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3227263.stmThere seems to be a general qualm of current qualifications as opposed to the traditional O Levels. This was the minimum crank standard for this trade.The group was then asked, Which area of the course do students find difficult?The Maths is the most difficult for students because they do not throw the basic skills required to complete the work.Key Skills, NumeracySome crusade with electronic fundamentals mainly due to a lack of maths ability.They coped well with Addition and subtraction, however multiplication, division were more problematic. Additional areas where students struggled were percentages, area and fractions. These are not the only subject areas where students found difficulty, however they cover the major problem areas. These issues are similar to those identified in a recent TES, they stated,In last years skills action plan, the Assembly government revealed that 24% of the working age population lacked level 1 literacy skills and 53% level 1 in numeracy. In Wales, 20% have no qualifications compared with 14% across the UK(TES Cymru, June 30 2006)The focus of the problem seems to be centred on the Maths / arithmetic elements of the course. One of the key areas was Key Skills, in particular numeracy. Students seemed to find this difficult they did not seem to posses the basics.Staff were asked to consider, Are there any circumstances that might affect students ability to perform on the course?Poorly prepared when leaving school.Length of time away from a learning environment.Lack of abilitySome seem unable to apply previously learnt knowledge to new situations.Its is difficult to believe the students were poorly prepared as they all are qualified, suggesting they once had the knowledge, however it is interesting to note the comment about the length of time, as it is well known that unvaried and repetitive use of knowledge aids retention, lack of use leads to tiny or no retention of knowledge.A recent news article in the Daily Mail by HARRIS, S (2006) stated, One in five about to embark on teaching careers still have problems spelling and using punctuation as well as doing the most simple multiplication, division and percentages.Harris, S (2006)The question, Do you believe the students are fittingly qualified?Staffs response to this was, Yes, they are for the trade and on newspaper, but do the qualifications match up to the expectations of the course?This alludes to a previous question about students being prepared. Do the qualifications meet the minimum requirements of the course. The answer is yes they do, however there seems to be a void between students retained knowledge and the paper qualifications. To illustrate this issue the House of Commons raised the issue of literacy and numeracy with t he monument of State for Defence being asked, how many and what proportion of new recruits to the ground forces in the last 12 months had (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills at or below (i) entry level 3, (ii) entry level 2 and (iii) entry level 1. Mr. Touhig replied, consolidated literacy and numeracy initial assessment figures for recruits to the army in the period 1 November 2004 to 31 October 2005, are provided as follows.LiteracyNumeracyEntry level 1Entry level 2Entry level 3Entry level 1Entry level 2Entry level 3 contribution0.717.8132.510.197.6537.11Number of recruits727953310197703737Total number of recruits(11)LiteracyNumeracyThese figures were given from an authorised Report, column 98W on departmental staff literacy and numeracy.No Author (2005)The group was also asked, Are students prepared for the academic rigor of this course?No, Students are ill prepared when it comes to learning in this environment.This may also pertain to the time away from a learning environme nt, the beginning of the course is quite intensive and therefore the students find it difficult to get back into a learning environment.In summary of the responses, the staff feel the students were inadequately prepared for this course. However this was not for lack of qualifications more a perceived difference between the more traditional O Level and the existing GCSE qualifications, while the time away from the learning environment may have its part to play.Student results for the first eight classes illustrate that not all students struggle to achieve good results. (RAF pass is set at 60) So could this purely be a staff issue and not one of the students. As the results below indicate some classes obtain reasonable results, that is to say, not all struggle.The results for the first eight classes are shown belowMathsBT1/01BT1/02BT1/03BT1/03BT1/05BT1/06BT1/07BT1/085966755672666862electronic FundamentalsBT1/01BT1/02BT1/03BT1/03BT1/05BT1/06BT1/07BT1/0868738277737459While these classes passed the respective subjects, there are some low scores in maths for classes 1, 4 and 8. Electronic Fundamentals produces collapse results, however class 1 and 7 have still seek low marks. This information is not entirely conclusive as can be seen from the results, some classes did well.FindingsThe hypothesis has been refuted through the data collated from staffs responses to questions and the student data, all be it limited in nature this research has been shown to support the staffs comments.The analysis of the questions suggests a lack of ability on the students part, this however does not seem to be predicated on qualification. The staffs perceptions of students abilities seem to suggest the students are not sufficiently prepared to attend this course, more over they are not used to the training methods utilised within the MOD. These facts when grouped together cause the students and staff some problems, however this is not to say that large numbers of students are failing to achieve a pass in these subjects, therefore is there a problem?On the face of it, no. However modifications to the training methodology and some additional sessions may improve some of these issues.This research has investigated a broad range of issues relating to new students entering the RAFs BT1 training program, their ability to cope with the academic pressures of the course and their ability to complete the work to the required standard.It would appear many students, although qualified on paper have some difficulty when it comes to the Maths and Electronic Fundamentals phases. Some of the underlying problems doctor to the methods of delivery on the course as it is unlike traditional academic institutions. This means that the students take time to adjust to this training methodology and as the Maths and Electronic Fundamentals phase of the course is at the front end, it does not allow sufficient time for this adjustment to take place.On the subject of time between learning, many students left school 12 months before joining the course and have not practiced these skills for some time. As with the maths unless a student continues to use these skills they are apace forgotten. However this does not explain why students do not remember when prompted. Perhaps this could point to a lack of understanding at the initial point of learning and may require further research to substantiate this theory.RecommendationsThis piece of research has been limited in its nature, however it has allowed the researcher to gain a wider perspective on these issues, to further improve this work and make the findings more valid it is proposed to include the students in any future research. The students were excluded in this case to speed up the data collection and to reduce any ethical issues that may arise from the research. Further research could be unquestionable from the fi

Effectiveness of Organizational Development Models

legalness of organisational phylogeny mock upsThis article shows the speciality of organisational study models in order with the example. In this article we comport discuss the comparison of third OD models mentioning their efficaciousness in order with example.The world is passing d unriv onlyed the turbulent clocks. Companies ar expanding their business, acquiring revolutionary enterprises, and going by dint of crucial turns, including outsourcing, downsizing, automation and so forthteraTomorrows world leave be dissimilar from todays, c solelying for crude organisational approaches. faces lead sine qua non to be adjusting to these alterations grocery store conditions and at the same date coping with the choose for a re refresheding rather than reactive drillforce. presidential terms argon never completely stagnant. External forces i.e. Government, Stockholders, Unions, Competitors, Suppliers, and Customers etc unremittingly affect the activities of th e arranging. Changing consumer livingstyles and proficient breakthroughs all act on the cheek to cause it to motley. Many of these pitchs argon forced upon the brass section, whereas others atomic number 18 generated internally. Because neuter is occurring so rapidly, there is a need for unfermented counselings to manage it. agreemental growth is a relatively recent invention. It started in the late 1950s when behavioural scientists steeped in the mother and engine room of group slashings attempted to apply that k at one condemnationledge to emend team federal agencying and intergroup relations in face. (French and Bell, 1999).Organizational cultivation (OD) is an masking of expressional science to organisational commute. It consists of a wide array of theories, servicees, and activities, all of which atomic number 18 oriented toward the goal of improving individual geological formations. OD focus ones on c befully be after approaches to changing or improving organizational structures and transitiones, in an attempt maximize organizational effectiveness.Background of StudyIn infix era of cut throat competition, ball-shapedization, erasing trade barriers, rapid innovation, advancement in tonic technology, reduction in crop deportment cycle and huge investment askments to last entry into industry increase the essence of formulating an effective strategy in an organization in order to gain a competitive edge in commercialize attitude. It is utmost Coperni stand for apiece(prenominal) and ein truth organization to be consistently competitive at the market place in order to save organization from entropy and require it possible for organization to constantly grow through application of Organizational Development concepts. Strategy is a comprehensive object to achieve organizational goals or strategy is a comprehensive master plan stating how the muckle/organization will achieve its mission and objectives. It is not only important for any firm to develop an effective organizational strategy except besides proper implementation and control mechanism is very all-important(a) for triumph. Organization strategy is the one of element among conglomerate(a) elements that whitethorn require OD interventions if not effective. According to Burke-Litwin model, organization may require starting signal order or second order salmagundi or may require two(First order and Second order changes). If OD interventions directed toward structure, systems, and counseling practice result in first order change, if interventions directed toward mission, strategy, leadershiphip, and organizational culture then result in second order change (French and Bell, Jr, 1999).Companies today ar exposed to very much much rapid changes than they were decades ago. This growing provides the reason to analyze approaches that back up to overcome inflexible, conservatively-managed companies and lead change initiative s successfully. (Kotter, 1996).Organizational Development is in play change in an organizational context. The study of models of plotted change facilitated the instruction of OD. Models and theories depict, in words or pictures, the important experiences of about phenomenon, describe those features as variables, and specify the relationships among the variables. (French and Bell, 1999).Corporate restructuring, strategies, and development models may be based on various factors viz. valet Resource Management, monetary revamping, International competitive market, post merger and acquisition etc. The globalization, commercialization, privatization, and deregulating have changed the whole scenario as much(prenominal)(prenominal) change has depart significant factor in business survival. This has brought far-reaching changes in sparing structures and patterns of organizations. The OD is acquiring increasing forethought as such it plays a key percentage in the description of r ecent developments. The institutions private or public instantly realize the recent trends and prospects and have started giving priority to OD. These organizations now lodge and act OD at their workplace by redefining its role in promoting efficiency and economic growth. The organizations, particularly those without strong change element argon in favor of encouraging the vigorous growth of OD in corporate governance. The organizations they do not under go measures to enhance their capabilities through plotted change by employing OD risk not just be marginalized solely also organism completely bypassed in the late global order. The organizations those face severe competition today argon completely hooked on behavioral interventions for organization improvement.Conceptual Understanding of the Organizational DevelopmentOrganizational Development (OD) bridges an organizations need for continuity and its need for growth. It helps the organization change to meet the changing deman ds of its internal and external environments (Culbert Reisel, 1971).Organizational development is a sup property and practice of bringing the planned change to organization. These changes ar usually designed to address an organization problem or to help an organization prepare for emerging. It is the one method of quickly bringing change, which focus on human and affable aspects of the organization as a way to improve organizations ability to adapt and enlighten problems.Organizational development is two a professional field of social action and an area of scientific inquiry. The practice of OD covers a wide spectrum of activities, with chew the fatmingly endless variations upon them. police squad building with top corporate trouble, structural change in a municipality, and job enrichment in a manufacturing firm are all examples of OD. ( e. e. cummings and Worley, 2005). distinct theorists have provided with their own definitions of organizational development. Some definit ions are Source descriptionPorras and Robertson (1992)Organizational development is a set of behavioral science-based theories, values, strategies, and techniques aimed at the planned change of the organizational work setting for the purpose of enhancing individual development and improving organizational performance, through the alteration of organizational members on-the-job behaviors.Cummings and Worley (1993)OD is a systematic application of behavioral science friendship to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving an organizations effectiveness.Burke (1994)Organizational development is planned process of change in an organizations culture through the workout of behavioral science technologies, question, and theory.French and Bell (1999)Organizational development is a long-term effort, led and supported by top management, to improve an organizations visioning, empowerment, learnedness, and problem-solving processes, through an ongoing, collaborative management of organization culture-with special emphasis on the culture of intact work teams and other team configurations-using the consultant-facilitator role and the theory and technology of applied behavioral science, including action research.The gist of above definitions is summarized below stopping file and processes are the key areas of the ODSpecifically, OD encourages collaboration mingled with organization top managers and staff members in managing culture and process. team ups of all kinds are particularly important for accomplishing tasks and are targets for OD activities.OD focuses on the human and social side of the organization and in so doing also intervenes in the technological and structural sides.Participation and elaboration in problem solving and purpose do by all levels of the organization are hallmarks of OD.OD focuses on total system change and views organizations as difficult social system.OD practitioners are facilitators, collaborators, and co-learners with the client system.OD makes the client system effective so that the client systems solves its problem at their own and provide necessary coach / teaching in order to enhance the greetledge and skill level.OD relies on an action research model with extensive participation by client system members.OD takes a developmental view that seeks the feeler of both individuals and the organization. Attempting to create win-win solutions is standard practice in OD programs.In the 1970s, organization development evolved as separate field that applied the behavioral sciences in a process of planned organization-wide change, with the goal of increasing organization effectiveness. Today the concept has been enlarged to examine how the great unwashed and groups can change to a learning organization culture in a complex and turbulent environment. Organization development is not a step-by-step function to solve a specific problem but a process of fundamental change in the human and social systems of the organization, including organization culture. It is a process in a sense that a process is an recognizable relate until nowt moving toward some goal or end. Organization development is a journey, not a destination. It is an unfolding and evolving series of dapplets. every(prenominal) organization program is unique because every organization has unique problems and opportunities. notwithstanding all organization development programs are identifiable flow of interrelated events moving over time toward the goals of the organization improvement and individual development.Organization development is an organizational improvement strategy, which is about how hatful and organization function and how to get them to function better. The field is based on the have a go at itledge from the behavioral science disciplines such as psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, systems theory, organizational behavior, o rganization theory and management to create trust, scatter conformation of problems, employee empowerment and participation, knowledge and discipline sharing, the design of meaningful work, co- carrying into action and co-ordination between groups and full use of human potential.Organizational Development can help groups and individuals improve various aspects of organizational life necessary for success, including culture, values, and systems and behavior. The goal of O.D. is to increase organizational effectiveness and organizational health, through planned interventions in the organizations processes, operations, and behavior. Most often, O.D. services are requested when an organization (or a unit within an organization) is undergoing a process of change.Organizational Development services can assist in having a positive mend on most, if not all, factors that contribute to high performance. These includeAccountabilityTeam interactionsStrategic planningSkill alignmentProfession al development strategiesEffective use of technologyWorkplace climateEmployee moraleA primary goal of organization development is to optimize the system by ensuring that system elements are harmonious and congruent. When organization structure, strategy, culture, and processes are not aligned, performance suffers. divergent organizations interventions focus on align the organization with environment demands. Organizations are examples of open systems, that is, system interacting with their environments. Many problems of organizations today emerge from rapid changes in environmental demands, threats and opportunities.The Growth and Relevance of ODOrganizations must(prenominal) settle themselves in increasingly complex and uncertain technological, economic, political, and cultural changes. The speedily changing conditions of last a few(prenominal)er years shown that the organizations are facing the unprecedented skepticism and nothing dead of a management revolution will save t hem. Globalization, information technology, and managerial innovation are the major trends which are shaping change in organizations.First globalization is playing life-sustaining role is the organizational life cycle. Organization is growing in the changing markets and environments. New governments, new leadership, new markets, and new countries are emerging and creating a new global economy. Companies in Russia, China, Hong Kong etc. are the examples of globalization.Second information technology has drastically changing the old business model and defining the new parameters of how knowledge is utilise, how work is performed and how to calculate the cost of doing business. Now the organizations are going for ERP, e-commerce, SAP etc. Amazon.com, E-Trade, are among many recent entrants to the information economy, and the amount of business world conducted on the Internet is projected to grow at double-digit rates for intimately over ten years.Due to revolution in information te chnology, electronic data interchange, a state of the art information technology application, few years ago, is now considered as routine business practice. Due to this revolution, organizations go towards downsizing and restructuring of the firms.Finally, information technology is changing how knowledge is used. Organization members now share the same key information that senior managers once used to control decision making.Ultimately, IT will generate new business models in which communication and information sharing is nearly free and easily accessible. deuce-ace managerial innovation has responded to the globalization and information technology trends and has speed up their impact on organizations. New organizational forms, i.e. networks, virtual corporations etc, provide organizations with divergent slipway of thinking about how the produced goods and deliver services. The strategic alliance, for example, has emerged as one of the indispensable tools in strategy implementati on. No single organization, not even IBM, Mitsubishi, or General Electric, can control the environmental and market uncertainty it faces.New methods of change, such as downsizing and reengineering, have drastically bring down the size of organizations and change magnitude their capacity, and new large group interventions have increased the speed with which organizational change can take place. OD practitioners, managers, and researchers surround that these forces not only are powerful in their own by rights but are interrelated.Organization development is the continuous process of improvement. As change is the continuous process so also to cope with such changes is necessary of organizations survive. As the time passes the new changes occur in the market dilemma. The organizations on their peak position need to agree their peak position and continuously improve to provide better benefits to their customers. Timely they have to adapt new technology, enter in to new markets, beat the competition etc.The organization development is not only for the failure organization but the successful organization also adapt new technology and innovations to maintain their success. Organization may face different problems in their different departments bid finance, management, marketing, production, sales and so on. So the OD consultant diagnoses these problems to provide solutions to that organization.Human resources our mess may be a large fraction of our be of doing business. They certainly can make the difference between organizational success and failure. We better know how to manage them.Changing nature of the workplace. Our workers today require feedback on their performance, a sense of accomplishment, feelings of value and worth, and commitment to social responsibility. They need to be much efficient, to improve their time management. And, of course, if we are to report doing more(prenominal) work with less lot, we need to make our processes more efficie nt.Global markets. Our environments are changing, and our organizations must also change to survive and prosper. We need to be more responsible to and develop closer partnerships with our customers. We must change to survive, and we fence that we should flame the problems, not the symptoms, in a systematic, planned, humane manner.Technological improvement Organizations from time to time innovate and create new technology for better product development and management of organization. Because in era of competition the managers overall circumspection is toward the proper management and allocation of resources.Models of Organizational Development and its EffectivenessOrganizations are facing continuous pressures due to change in global pace, economic and technological development and organization is making the same a feature of its life cycle. Every organization is going for development and directed at bringing about planned change to increase organizations effectiveness and efficien cy. Managers, generally, pioneer and implement the same with the help of an OD practitioner either from interior or outside of the organization.Organizations can use planned change to solve problems, to learn from experience, to adapt to external environmental changes, to improve performance, and to influence future changes.Organization Development (OD) covers all aspects of an organization its functional scope is very vast as such itFocuses on culture and processesEncourages collaboration between organization leadership and members in managing culture and process and makes it more efficient.Teams of various kinds are the target of OD.It focuses on the human and social side of the organization and in doing also intervenes in the technological and structural sides.Ensures participation and containment in problem solving and decision making by all levels of the organization, which is hall mark of whole process.Also focuses on total systems change and views organizations as complex social systems.It leads to a development that seeks the betterment of both individuals and the organization as a whole.The OD consultants/ practitioners therefore plays an important and vital role as such they are facilitates, collaborates, and co-learners with the client system. At the opening OD consultants seeks top managements commitment and consent to initiate the process.The major events in the process then includeSensingDiagnosingPlanningActions ratingAdjustments, andRepeatingOD is an iterative process, it a journey not a destination. The goal of OD consultants is overcharging to make clients systems able to solve their problems through learning and teaching self-analytical methods. OD in fact is not one time process rather it relies on action research model with uttermost(a) participation by client system members to bring sustainable growth. The knowledge base of OD is extensive, dynamic, and consonantly growing. Today the organizations prefer for holistic action plan as c ompare to linear or cyclic kind of interventions. The holistic approach presents a theory that the universe and especially nature should be viewed as interacting wholes rather than as distinct parts. This approach definitely caters to dynamic and most contemporary techniques for the planned change.There are numerous models and several(prenominal) recent theories those promises planned change.Few are highlighted belowKurt Lewins counterchange ModelThree represent theory of change was proposed by Kurt Lewin (founder of social psychology). ab initio the theory was presented in 1947 and since then a lot of changes has been taken place in the original work. Actually there are various models of change which are based on the Kurt Lewin model. According to Kurt Lewin, change in organization is commonly referred to asUnfreeze, transpose, and Freeze. Change entails moving from one equilibrium point to another(prenominal).Kurt Lewin model is useful to frame a process of change for state w hich can easily understand. Although this theory got so much popularity but it has been criticized for beingness too simplistic. The detailed explanation of each phase of the model is abandoned below point 1 UnfreezingUnfreezing is the first coiffure of Lewins Change Model. This stage focuses on the need for change and it is the starting point of change process. This stage emphasizes the importance of change and helps in moving move away from our up-to-date comfort zone. Change will not occur unless and until we understand the requirement of change. The more we feel that change is necessary, the more urgent it is and vise versa. When it becomes manifest that the organization requires a change then the adjoining step is to severalise the pros and cons associated with the implementation of change. For example it would be wise to proceed with the change if the pros add up the cons before you take any action. This is the basis of what Kurt Lewin called the Force Field Analysis . In field force analysis there are various factors related to the change. Some of the factors are in favor of change while others are opposing factors. A change cannot takes place unless the factors for change outweigh the factors against change. In the Unfreezing stage a department or an entire business moves towards demand for change. The Kurt Lewin Force Field Analysis is a helpful way to know this process and there are ample of thoughts of how this can be done. floor 2 Change or transmutationThe second stage of Lewins Change Model is a process of mutation which is the inner movement or journey we make in reaction to a change. In transition process the current states is unfrozen and movement is started towards the new state. Lewin argued that the second stage is often the hardest as people are unsure or even fearful. Basically in this stage people are not much aware about the benefits of change so they are in the process of learning about the changes and require time to unde rstand. In this stage people scan the environment for new relevant information and try to get a line new role model or mentor. People must have clear picture of the desired change so they dont lose sentiment of where they are heading. Using role models and allowing people to develop their own solutions also help to make the changes.Stage 3 Freezing (or Refreezing)The last stage of Lewins Change Model is freezing or refreezing. Once the change has been made, the next step is to freeze the change in order to establish stability. In this stage everything is going to settle down because people are in the process of accepting the new changes. Thus all the changes become new norms of the organization and people form new relationships. People will become satisfied with their routines but it will take time. Many people argue that there is no freezing because of dynamic environment in which things are changing very rapidly. Therefore there is always a continuous change and freezing has be come a chaotic process in which great flexibility is demanded. In this way unfreezing for the next change faculty be easier. Lewins tried to reinforce the change and ensure that the desired change is accepted and maintained into the future. Reinforcement is very important because people tend to go back to doing what they are used to doing.Effectiveness of Kurt Lewins Model of ChangeThere is lot of real life examples of Kurt Lewins Change model.Example 1 Continental flight pathBy applying the Kurt Lewins Change Model, Continental Airlines became Airline of the Year.The awards win by Continental so far include No. 1 Most Admired Global Airline from Fortune magazine (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009), Airline of the Year by OAG (2004, 2005), Best Trans-Atlantic and Trans-Pacific Business Class among U.S. airlines by Cond Nast traveler (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006), and many others.Video available at http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wxKv6K1-V0Following is the another example of Kurt Lewins Change modelBy doing attitude and satisfaction observe in the organization of all staff, management may come to know that the moral of the staff members is quite low and due to this risk of gum elastic is quite high. This may hinder the change process.Similarly when information is being delivered to the field, but negative events are continuing to occur, this may reflect to the management that the message is not being heard and some required changes are in order.During the unfreezing step generally most of the staff members and management are willing to change.Kurt Lewins model suggests that one of the best ways to motivate people to change is to first get people see the need for change. crimson when a change if for the persons long term health benefits such a ceasing a bad destructive habit, few people ever change because someone else tells them to. People generally need to see for themselves the need for change, for the atom smasher to occur, to provoke them to unfreeze.Educating employees in regards the pressures for change is a first step.Organization leaders will begin to highlight gaps between current and desired states and lay forward a vision as it needs to be. They further show up the change in terms of particular outcomes that the organization desired from its operation and employees and their belief and confidence that these changes are possible.Before installing a new way of operations, the existing system needs to be broken down.At this stage, the goal of change agent is to create a strong reaction. To get the relevant staff management participated and examining the status quo. Create an environment on which people are forced to seek out a new and better way to do things. To re-set the normal order of things to new highschool and standards.Tips to UnfreezeChange is necessary because the businesses, market or product are changing. Analysis should be carried out that what is required. Build an understanding .Existing status quo will be required to break down before developing new way of doing things.Guide the people to know and understand that the old ways cannot continue and prior poor results will be used. Message should be passed on. What, who, when, where, why and how changes and improvements are necessary.Regular and frequent communication lines will be open with all employees. In order to eliminate the barriers of change, open entry policy will be introduced with the aim to allow the employees to feel comfortable in sharing their concerns with the leadership.Remain open and honest with feedback to staff and continue to build solid interaction with the affected groups.Build a head partnership and support from management and understand and consider the needs of stakeholders.TransitionDuring the transition phase we aim to shift or alter the behavior of theThere are at least three planned change models that have been identified by Cummings and Worley (1997) Lewins change model, the action research model, and contemporary adaptations of action research.Kurt Lewins Change ModelOrganizational change can occur at three levels- and, since the patterns of resistance to change are different for each, the patterns in each level require different change strategies and techniques. These levels involveChanging the individuals who work in the organization-that is, their skills, values, attitudes, and eventually behavior-but making sure that such individual-behavior change is always regarded as instrumental to organizational change.Changing various organizational structures and systems-reward systems, reporting relationships, work design, and so on.Directly changing the organizational climate or interpersonal style-how open people are with each other, how conflict is managed, how decisions are made, and so on.Whatever the level involved, each of the three interventions is needed to make organizational members address the levels need for change, heighten their knowingness of their own behavioral patterns, and make them more open to the change process.Stage 1 UnfreezingThree ways of unfreezing an organization arei. Disconfirmationii. Induction of vice or anxietyiii. Creation of psychological safetyDisconfirmation or lack of confirmation. Organizational members are not likely to embrace change unless they experience some need for it. Embracing change typically means that people are dissatisfied with the way things are quality is below standard, cost are too high, morale is too low, or direction is unclear, for example.Unfreezing involves reduction those forces maintaining the organizations behavior at its present level. Unfreezing is sometimes accomplished through a process of psychological disconfirmation. By introducing information that shows discrepancies between behaviors desired by organization members and those behaviors currently exhibited, members can be motivated to engage in change activities.Induction of guilt or anxiety. This is a matte r of establishing a gap between what is current but not working well(p) and some future goal that would make things work better. When people avow a gap between what is and what would be better and more desirable, they will be motivated via guilt or anxiety to reduce the gap. however disconfirmation and induction are not enough to accomplish the unfreezing stage. One more process is necessary.Creation of psychological safety. To face disconfirmation, experience guilt or anxiety, and be able to act or move, people must accept that moving will not bring them humiliation or expiration of self-esteem. People must still feel worthy, psychologically safe. The consultant must be concerned with people not losing face and must take car that when people admit that something is wrong they will not be punished or humiliated.Stage 2 Moving (Changing)The second step, movement, involves making the actual changes that will move the organization to another level of response. On the individual le vel, we would expect to see people behaving differently, perhaps demonstrating new skills or new supervisory practices. On the structural level, we would expect to see changes in actual organizational structures, reporting relationships, and reward systems that affect the way people do their work. On the climate or interpersonal level, we would expect to see behavior patterns that indicate greater interpersonal trust and openness and less dysfunctional interactions.There are two main processes for accomplishing this stage appointment with a new role modelScanning the environment for new informationIdentification with a new role model, mentor, boss, or consultant to begin to see things from that other persons point of view. If we see another point of view operating in a person to whom we pay attention and respect, we

Improvements In Life Expectancy India Health And Social Care Essay

Improvements In Life prevision India Health And Social consider EssayLife foretaste of Indians during the past fifty days has been steadily increasing exponentially matching the trend that took several hundred years shown in Developed countries. 23Some of the possible reasons for such exponential rises gained by Indians in years are controlling demises caused by epidemics and pandemic infectious diseases, and absence seizure of famines or wars since Indias independence. The high death rates callable to infectious diseases were dramatically curtailed due to availability of antibiotics and further with introduction of Universal Immunization program. This was followed by improved living conditions, advances in public health, and availability of advanced medical interventions. interpret.1 Improvements in Life Expectancy-India (1960-2009)Source The instauration Bank Group4Results from estimates of World Bank indicate that India has share of her good and self-aggrandizing intelli gence operation. The good news so far has been that Life expectancy is increasing until now and bad news is whether such rate of increase can be maintain everywhere next few decades. Currently India has excellent health good deli very(prenominal) mechanisms, which are efficient in extending the lives of her people by treating degenerative conditions and cancer. However, the question is whether such improvements in technology are addressed whole to cure ailing population or can India address prophylactic device programs aimed at decreasing the burden of obesity and chronic conditions.Hence, the next extended threat to Life Expectancy improvements appears to be stemming from obesity and chronic diseases in middle and gray-haired suppurate, which are chairly linked to an change magnitude guess for death and morbidity. Attempts to predict behavior expectancy of Indian population, in name of whether it is improving or getting worse becomes even more intricate in the absen ce of scientific data available for such valuations.Figure 2. Observed and Projected composition of age-groups for Indians (1960 to 2010).Evidence from studies indicates that obesity and over pitch in adulthood are associated with large decreases in life expectancy and increases in early mortality rate.5678This paper aims at explaining the intricacies involved in the interplay of obesity and mature age in their impact on Life expectancy.Challenges in touchstone the effectuate of Obesity and Old Age on Life expectancyIce-berg phenomenonThe health run a risks of obesity in the sr. are mostly underestimated due to survivor bias seen in the elderly people (only those who have survived ignominious effects of obesity and chronic diseases), inability to separate competing mortalities due to comparatively shortened life expectancy in overageer persons and longitudinal effects of confound conditions (eg., smoking) are difficult to measure.9Definition of Obesity in elderlyThe appro priateness of definition of obesity in the elderly is a moot issue. Obesity should be defined as the amount of excess plank storage associated with elevated health risk. For this practical definition, Body Mass force (BMI) has been largely used in younger adults as well up in aged(a) ages. BMI gets altered in old age due to age-dependent changes in numerator and denominator in calculation. Several studies have shown that there is age-related decline in height, probably because of spinal deformity with thinning of the inter-vertebral discs as well as blemish of vertebral bole height due to osteoporosis. Hence, age-dependent height decrease leads to defective overestimation of obesity. Body weight in old people reflects a higher amount of total fat because of age-dependent privation of lean body mass. This whitethorn lead to underestimation of obesity as a response of increase and redistribution of fat inside the body. Hence, aging influences both numerator and denominator of BMI, in diametric directions. Further, larger waist and waist-to-hip ratio have found to be importantly associated with mortality in aged(a) subjects, whilst BMI was not.The higher the age, the shorter is the remaining lifespan for persons regard little of degree of obesity. Most obesity related consequences land years to discontinue even among susceptible population hence, obesity related complications in old age are not seen if susceptible die of non-obesity-related conditions. It is observed that weight change, both weight loss and weight gain, is a strong forecaster of mortality. Further, umpteen studies showed lower mortality in subjects with lower BMI, or at least a U-shaped relation between BMI and mortality. The underlying diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer can result in misbegot inverse relation between low body weight and increased mortality.10Interaction of Obesity, Old Age and their toll on Life ExpectancyWeight gain or fat redistribution in o lder age confers adverse health risks in the form of early mortality and co-morbidities amounting to serviceable decline. Obesity has been recognized to be associated with several disorders that confer morbidity and may also be related to increased mortality. Obesity, and more importantly body fat distribution are associated with metabolic syndrome even in old ages.11 on that point is higher prevalence of both systemic and pulmonary hypertension and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in old age, especially among those with pulmonary complications and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).12 government agency of SmokingThere is stronger evidence that smoking plays an important role in the interaction of obesity and old age. It is well known that smokers are lean and have an elevated mortality compared with nonsmokers. However, when only people who never smoked were studied, there is an observed linear relation between BMI and mortality among older sub jects, suggesting that increased mortality associated with the lowest weights were a function of cigarette smoking, and that, among never-smokers, very low weights were associated with the greatest longevity.SummaryThe steady rise in life expectancy observed in the modern era may shortly come to an end and the youth of today may, on average, live less healthy and possibly even have shorter lives than their parents.There are many challenges to delineate the association between obesity and mortality in the elderly. Since confounding effects by different variables in this association accumulate over the lifetime, it is difficult to accurately measure and account for these factors. Mortality is not the only end point that should be considered in the evaluation of the impact of leaden and obesity on health status in older people.There is increasing evidence that obesity is reduces life expectancy due to direct and indirect causes. Obesity will not only increases the risk of death for m ost people at most ages, but also consistently leads to a much higher level of disability and disease at all ages. Voluntary weight loss may have expert health effects in elderly similar to the effects in young age. Studies on the effect of weight loss in the elderly are scarce, but they suggest that even small amounts of weight loss (between 5 to 10% of initial body weight) may be beneficial. It is well known that increased physical exercise is associated with decreased mortality risk in middle-aged as well as in older people.13India is surpassing through dual burden of diseases and consequences of obesity might take a greater toll. Hence policy makers should focus on promoting cake and treatment of obesity related conditions, especially among old age. Based on priorities in public health expenditure, the country can effectively follow out population-level interventions to reduce obesity. Health care providers should engage in complete evaluation of co morbidity and weight histor y, in the elderly obese persons to comprehensively address potential adverse health effects of o obesity.

Concept Of E Commerce It Information Technology Essay

nonion Of E Commerce It Information Technology EssayYou ar essential to recognise an E-commerce weathervanesite and asses it in preconditions of septette unequ entirelyed features. Which of the features does the site utilize well and which feature uglyly in your opinion. Provide your detailed findings and steer for good?Assume that, you had bought two outputs with online. Explain why you choose to debase that increase through online, pros and cons of online purchase.Table of contentIntroduction now most of the peoples in this generation go away spend most of the while sitting in front of data processor and online. At this moment, most of the peoples ply for rehearse e-commerce website purchase things rather than go shop mall and purchases things. In this headway , students be required to choose an E-commerce website and assess it in term of seven unique features and explain in details which ar the features be implement well and which features poorly in our own opinion, non completely that, thither atomic number 18 also required to give suggestion the improvement for the poorly features. The seven features of e-commerce much(prenominal) as, Ubiquity, Global Reach, widely distributed Standards, Richness, Interactivity, Information Density, Personalization and customization. or so of the e-commerce website give include those seven unique features, just a occupation between which is good and bad. In order to devour a made e-commerce website, these seven unique features atomic number 18 signifi earth-closett.Main bodyQuestion 1From the early and humble beginnings, where peoples argon still employ the traditional accomplishment and most of the companies does non gain their own website, but nowadays e-commerce ciphers billions traded annually and not only small companies, even large companies also could not afford without a website. Indeed, for many companies, their presence on the Internet is their windowpane to the inst itution and they are also considering as e-commerce traffices. Actually what is e-commerce? E-commerce also called as Electronic Commerce. E-commerce is a symbol of industry where buy and make doing of products or services are conducted through over the meshing and other computing machine network. E-commerce are involves digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and privates. There are two categories e-commerce which are classified by reputation of commercialize blood and classified by type of technologies intaked. In classified by nature of market relationship are included B2C (Business-to-Consumer), B2B (Business-to-Business) and C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer). Classified by type of technologies used are included P2P (Peer-to-Peer) and M-Commerce (Mobile Commerce).Require having a successful e-commerce website, these are the seven unique features for the e-commerce website is needed. These are the seven unique features for e-commerce, Ubiqui ty, Global Reach, Universal Standards, Richness, Interactivity, Information Density, Personalization and customization.UbiquityIt is available allwhere such as work, mansion and any other plates via mobile device. When any clock Marketplace is created or extended beyond traditional boundaries and removed from a geographic location. Shopping dope book place anywhere. It discount compact tolls and pay off time such as parking fees and wasting time purposely go to the shop mall and spend time to search for the items. It net make to a greater extent than whatchamacallum for customer. Global pull inTotal numbers of consumers or users an e-commerce business shadower take for. Technology Dimension Business Signifi quarterce Technology reaches beyond national boundaries Commerce is enabled across cultural and national boundaries seamlessly and without modification. Marketplace includes potentially billions of consumers and millions of businesses worldwide. The next one is uni versal metre.Universal standardUniversal standard is closely to lowers market entry for merchants and search costs for consumers. It stinkpot reduce product search cost and by creating a single, one world market place, where legal injury disco rattling becomes faster, simpler and more(prenominal) than accurate. Easily to give-up the ghost the training near all the suppliers, prices, and delivery terms of a specific product anywhere in the world.RichnessIt can provide entropy natality which is more powerful rating environment for consumers. E-Commerce technologies cede changed the traditional tradeoff between reach and horn of plenty with audio, video and text message. Instead of using traditional technologies like TV, radio and magazines, most of the peoples depart rather use Internet and web nark the marketing messages. In the internet and web are able to provide millions rich marketing messages for audiences.InteractivityConsumers or users can be interacted the c ontent in a dialogue that dynamically adjusts the follow out to the individual, and make the consumer a co- participant in the process of delivering goods to the market. It is preferably resembling to face-to-face experience. Comparing to the TV or radio, it is on a great international scale.Information densityInformation density amount and prime(a) of data available to all market participants, it can reduces instruction cost and raises quality Information processing, storage and communication costs drop dramatically while accuracy and timeliness improve greatly. Information becomes plentiful, cheap and accurate. For example, price discrimination in which a merchant can sell the same goods to different targeted market with a different price.Personalization or customizationIn this features are allow consumers personalisedized messages to be delivered to individuals as well as groups personalization of marketing messages and also allow consumers customize the products and se rvices based on individual characteristics and consumers needed.In this question are required to choose an e-commerce website, the e-commerce website that are tone ending to choose go away be www.ebay.com.my. What is eBay? EBay was puted since 1995 which is an American multinational internet consumer-to-consumer corporation, headquartered in San Jose, California.It was started as a place to trade collectables and hard-to-find items. Today eBay is a global marketplace where businesses and individuals can steal and sell practically anything, but in general eBay is more on a type of e-commerce which is consumer-to-consumer. Peoples can get information without register in the website, need to register only when peoples needinesss to cloud or sell the products. Peoples can spoil what they want in eBay, it is because for everyone. They can buy the things that they want with a great price. These are the example items can found in eBay, electronics, designer fashion, your favorite to y, rare antiques, new cars and furniture. When peoples are flavor for those items, they leave check over for eBay website. eBay also is a best place for peoples to sell things, millions of peoples in this world will just sell things on eBay every day for make close to extra money, go across up fuddle around the house, start their own business and jump-start holiday savings. At the same time, peoples are no need to worry about the products that had been change will go wrong, eBay will feed many course of instructions in place to help you trade with peace of mind, such as feed hindquarters system, buyer vindication program and dedicated security center.EBay is one of the e-commerce website including all the seven unique features of e-commerce technology and significance. But eBay are not perfectly can do well with all the seven unique features it has great and poor too. These are the seven unique features of e-commerce will list in sequence from great to the poorest. Ubiqu ity will be the greatest for eBay it is because eBay are available to everyplace as long as you can online then you can get the information of the products that you looking for. The second will be global reach eBay is available for everyone in the world, so the number of the users or consumers will be a lot, it is under a global reach level, but there might be some problem that can be reckon is the users or consumers will be too many and it is hard to be maintain the users or consumers, the marketplace is too wide. Thirdly, universal standard, peoples can get lower cost on eBay and easily to find supplier on eBay, but the price is not fixed and some more consumers take a crap to pay more for the eBay commission. Richness will be in the middle, eBay will just provide information with text and photos, the information sometime will not be so accurate, in order to improve the richness in eBay, it should require sellers to provide a video for their products to make the products inform ation more accurate and clear.EBay quite a poor in interactivity, it is hard to have a contact with the sellers eBay should prepare a more convenience program that allow consumers to contact sellers instead of just reach messages to the sellers. EBay very poor in personalization and customization, it is because eBay is consumer-to-consumer method, so the products sell in eBay mostly is second hand, it is very hard to customize the products for the consumers, they should prepare a form in the website for consumers to keep open down what they want to change for the products. Lastly, this is the poorest features for the eBay, information density, break dance do not expect the products will be quality, the items that sell in eBay most credibly are second hand or third hand or even more, eBay should compulsory to the seller to have warranty for their products, and improve the limitation, circuit limited years for the products, for example, if a products that had been more than 10year s, do not allow the seller to put in the eBay and sell it.In my opinion, the most important is about the information density feature for eBay, if they can give warrantee for the quality of the products, this warrantee will enroll more peoples use eBay to sell or buy things.ConclusionIn conclusion, nothing is perfect in this world, so every e-commerce website will have well and bad, does not have any e-commerce website can fully do well for all the seven unique features. They can only do is keep ask for feedback and suggestion from the consumers or users and keep try to improve the weakness to be dampen and cave in, to have a better quality of the website, the more users and consumers only will be enrolled. Especially, eBay is one of the e-commerce website that for the whole world with consumer-to-consumer method to serve consumers, although it is quite convenience to get the products information for peoples needed, but peoples who going to buy products from eBay better do not giv e too much expectation for the products quality, moldiness be aware of it, it is because the products might not be exactly look as better as the photo provided in the website.IntroductionIn this question I am required to assume myself is a consumer of online purchase. I had bought two products through the online purchase website. Why I want to buy those products through online? Why I dont want to go to the shop and buy those products? In this generation online purchase are very common. In this question I do not only have to explain the condition why I want to buy those products from website, I also have to explain in details about the pros and cons of online purchase, which is the advantages and disadvantages of online purchases. Actually, there are not only advantages for online purchase, behind every advantage will also have disadvantage. Although nowadays online purchase are very convenience and more save cost, but there are also reliable issues happens we have to be aware, ma ybe those issues happen will make our money lost and our retirement will be leak out. The answer will telling about we should aware and how to avoid our secrecy information and how the hacker get our information and where they get from.Main bodyQuestion 2The two products that I will choose to buy through online are backdrop computing device and mobile holler. Why choose online purchasing? It is quite convenience analyze to go to the obtain mall or those device shop for research, their prices and the equipment. premier of all is about why I will choose to buy desktop computing device through online purchasing. Buy a desktop computing machine with a reasonable and even cheaper price and also specialist for games is not that easy, have to do search for many information and price list. If purchasing through online, no need to waste my time go to the obtain mall and computer center look for the information and prices, it makes me save time so I can take more time to check for the other places of the desktop computer price and save cost, I no need to pay the extra parking fees at the computer shops and shop mall, can just take the money that had saved to assembly more equipment for my desktop computer in order to make it run more faster because it is buy for gaming.Through the online purchasing website can get all the information about the desktop computer including prices. For example, buying a dell desktop, I can just go to a e-commerce website which is sell dells devices and see which of the desktop computer are most suitable for gaming, I can check for the price in the website and try to customize that what I want for my desktop computer such as from 4GB gate-crash upgrade to 8GB RAM and 500GB hard disk space upgrade to 1TB hard disk space. not only has that, buying mobile phoned also same, we able to check what the market price for the phone are, and the details for the phone that we looking for, see is it whether the phone really suitable for me o r can get even better than that with the reasonable price, can have some packages through the online purchasing website and more convenience. This is why I will choose to buy desktop computer and mobile phone through online purchasing.There are many pros and cons for online purchasing. pros is something analogous like advantages of online purchasing and cons is something similar like disadvantages of online purchasing.Pros of online purchasingFirst of all, it is quite easy to shop through online purchasing. Peoples just needed to have an total internet community and also some basic knowledge about how to use internet browser to run the e-commerce website. We can just type in their web domain name to browse their website, so that we can get the information about what they are offering, read reviews, make acute buying decision and make comparison with the product from the same categories. Would it be nice to get everything delivered at your doorsteps without you even stepping outs ide your homes?Purchasing products through online we can get buying our grocery just sitting on our comfortable sofa and watch our favorite TV shows. We also can have some comparisons, read reviews, view user ratings and make reproducible and rational buying decisions in online purchasing web. It is much more convenience for us to do quick comparisons, so that we can get a chance to search the entire positive and negatives of a certain product or service. Can we have discount through the online purchasing? Yes Since there are many online shopping website exists, of course there will be many competition on internet between different shopping websites, but customers always the first, so many websites will offers many large-hearted of promotions for customer such as, gift certificates, shopping points, discount and cash back benefits. Who will be the people who win those offers? We are the persons can win it. No hard cash for online purchasing, its mean buying products without payin g cash. We can get the products that we wanted without paying anything in cash. Everything will be handled by our reliance card or PayPal account. Especially, those electronic products like plasma television.Cons of online purchasingWhile shopping on the Internet can be a pleasing and rewarding experience, the negatives or disadvantages associated with Internet shopping cannot be neglected. let us take a look at some of the disadvantages of online shopping. Firstly, online shopping actually we do not physically seen the items, which mean we can only see the items through the photo provided on e-commerce website, we could not see the items that we bought until it arrive. commonly the photo of items that we see will be much better than once we have the item in front of us. Secondly, online security is quite weak, although online payments are safe but not always, there might have some of the e-commerce websites are not secure enough or do not encrypt our personal credit card date, if hacker has break into the sites system, our credit card data and information will be leak out. Thirdly, certain peoples computer might have spyware on their computer, if we using this computer to purchasing items through online purchasing, it is a risk of our credit card information and personal data been stolen by our own computer. Fourthly, it can cause spam issues on our email, when we bought something through the website such as, a digital camera. We are happy when we scram it, but days pass we will suddenly receiving a conglomerate of emails offering discounts, special schemes, promotions and so on from the website. When every time they have any special promotions or discount, the website will keep localiseing messages to our email, it is because afterward we bought products from their website, the website may do have a clause in their privacy policy document that our email able to share with third parties to send us relevant offers, it is quite annoying.Lastly, sometime i t may cause online connection issues, due to the internet connection unstable, or sometime there will be a time too many visit the website will cause internet connection problems, when we add items to our online shopping cart, after go into credit card information and submit it, at this moment the internet connection error, we may not know is it the order went through decent or not. After refresh the screen it may cause two-base hit billing or double ordering.ConclusionIn conclusion, buying desktop computer and mobile phone from website really very convenience for me, I can get more information not only for the make that I looking for, at the same time I can also have more information about the other brand of the desktop computer and mobile phone, might be I can found there is another brands products price and features also reasonable than what I looking for. Beside this, the pros and cons given in the question I had learnt a lesson about how to safety buy products from online we bsite. Before buying items through online, make trustworthy our connectivity are going smooth and double check the whole computer it is any spyware in my computer, make sure the whole computer is clear and connection is smooth, only confirm the products that had picked and key in the information that are required that the website asking for. Choose the website that are most people use also very important, dont choose the website that not common without confidentially and nobodys know, or else our money also might gone without anybodys knowing. So choose the website with last confidentially and most people know.

Beholding the Beauty of Christ: A Blessed Paradox :: essays research papers

Beholding the salmon pink of Christ A Blessed problemI.IntroductionA.Central verse Psalms 274 adept thing have I desired of the Lord, That will I es feel out That I may dwell in the house of the Lord in all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the Lord, and to inquire in His temple.B.The word Beauty as used here by David is the word noam which means luster or agreeableness.C.What makes Jesus Christ so admirable, precious, so beautiful, and so inspired is what Jonathan Edwards calls an admirable conjunction of diverse excellencies. The beauty and excellence of Christ is not a simple thing. It is a unique coming together in one mortal of extremely diverse qualities. Jesus has a corona in Himself that has a combing of attri unlesses that would seem impossible in one person. He is unique, one of a kind. There is no one and naught we could compare Him to. He is Incomparable because in Him meet boundless eminence and lowest humility, infinite majesty and transcendent meekness, deepest reverence toward God and equation with God, infinite worthiness of good and greatest patience to suffer evil, unconditional dominion and exceeding obedience, divine self-sufficiency and childlike trust. The Beauty and excellence of Jesus is a coming together in one person of the perfect balance and proportion of extremely diverse qualities. He is a blessed paradox. I would like to explore 3 paradoxes of Jesus.II.Paradox 1 Infinite Glory and Lowest HumilityA.Phil 25-7 Let this capitulum be in you which was also in Christ Jesus, who being in the form of God, did not consider it robbery to be equal with God, but made Himself of no reputation taking on the form of a bondservant, and coming in the likeness of men.B.First, let us consider the infinite glory of Jesus. 1.John 11,14 In the beginning was the phrase, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. Vs. 14 And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory as of the only mother of the Fa ther, full of grace and truth.2.Jesus was as much God as the Father and Holy Spirit. He testified of this in John 858 when He was being questioned by the Jews, He states Most assuredly, I say to you, before Abraham was, I AM. He is the word of God made Flesh. 3.Romans 834 Jesus is seated at the right hand of the Father.