The Character of Claudius in Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- GCSE Englis

The Character of Claudius in Hamlet Shakespeare presents Claudius as a character with populacey faces yet the audience can clearly represent his motives and ambition throughout the play. His character does however change and we clearly see how his evilness and weakness increases as his need to escape discovery and his clandestine genius in doing so, is revealed. It is in Act one scene two that we are first introduced to the character of Claudius. The impression made by him is that of a powerful and controlled man who is respected by most. His mannerisms of speech are graceful and are nothing less than the words of a king, to bear our heats with grief, and our whole kingdom. Claudius is presented to us by Shakespeare as a dominant but caring king. He acts in a friendly manner to his subjects Take thy fair hour, Laertes thine be thine and shows warmth to his nephew, but instanter my cousin Hamlet, and my son-. To the naked eye of the audience, Claudius may even be seen as a likeable character, but we later understand Shakespeares use of Claudiuss attitude towards his family at this stage, which is unknown to us to be a whole deceitful act. Here we perceive that not only does Claudius have a great knowledge of personal matters of state, now follows that you know young Fortinbras, Holding a weak supposal of our worth. but he is too a great actor. We know as the spectator pump of this play, that it was Claudius that committed the murder of his brother Hamlet, and that in selfish reason Claudius took to the throne along as marrying Gertrude, the past kings wife. Like the audience of the Elizabethan times, Hamlet is also mystified at this O hasty marriage. In his superficial speec... ...Faucit, Helena (Lady Martin). On Some of Shakespeares Characters. 6th ed. London William Blackwood and Sons, 1899. Knight, G. Wilson. The Embassy of Death. The Wheel of Fire. London Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1954. p. 38-39. http//server1.hypermart. net/ hamlet/wheefire.html N. pag. Mack, Maynard. The World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Madariaga, Salvador de. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. On Hamlet. 2nd ed. London Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1964. p.14-16. http//www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/essayson.htmdemag-ess N. pag. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.

The Dehumanization Process in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Do

The Dehumanization Process in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American SlaveThroughout American history, minority groups were victims of American governmental policies, and these policies made them vulnerable to barbaric and inhumane treatment at the hands of white Americans. American slavery is a telling example of a government sanctioned institution that victimized and oppressed a race of people by indoctrinating and supporting enslavement, racism and abuse. This institution is injurious to slaves and slave holders alike because American society, especially in the south, underwent a dehumanization process in order to implement the rough and inhumane doctrine. In the episodic biography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave, Frederick Douglass illustrates, through personal experience, the brutality and violence of slave life. As a preadolescent boy, Douglass is sent to Baltimore, an event that gives him temporary relief from the hars h conditions on the plantation. In Baltimore, he teaches himself to read and write and begins a journey to mental freedom that lastly paves the way to his successful escape to the North. Despite the hardships he endures, most amazing is the indestructible total humanity of Douglass whom society called a thing, a chattel to be bought and sold (Rexroth 134). Amazingly, Douglass realizes at a young age that the institution of slavery poisons people who might otherwise act in good and decent ways. His autobiography focuses primarily on the ill effects slavery has on slaves however, he also acknowledges the damage that enforcing the laws of slavery has on slave holders. Through the use of imagery, Douglass masterfully illustrates the dehuman... ...oppression due to the lack of liberty, education, humanity, or justice. Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Vol 1. 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company New York, 2002. 1817-1880.Franklin, Bruce. Animal call forth Unbound. Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House, 1988. 29-43.Houston PBS Online. Resource Book People and Events Frederick Douglass 1818-1895. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.htmlRexroth, Kenneth. Frederick Douglass. The Elastic Retort Essays in Literature and Ideas. The Continuum, 1973 108-11. Rpt. in Nineteenth century Literature Criticism. Eds. Laura Lanzen Harris and Sheila Fitzgerald. Vol. 7. Detroit Gale, 1984. 133-34.

Causes of the American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

The American Revolution was a momentous event that changed the face of the whole world. Though the Revolutionary War lasted only a few short years, the American Revolution was a process that started long before the first shots of war were fired. The rebellion was permeated with the legacy of colonial political ideals, aggravated by parliamentary taxation, escalated by the restriction of American civil liberties and ignited by British military measures. England had a hard time controlling its American colonies from the genuinely beginning, leaving them to develop relatively on their own for several generations. The North American continent is close to 3,000 miles away from England and the trip from England to American by gravy holder in the 1600s took six to eight weeks if not longer. The trip was not easy and many died along the way, but when immigrants did reach the New World they arrived a spell changed by their harrowing journey. These new-fangled immigrants were met with a cl ean, new, virgin land, virtually unchanged for thousands of years. It was as if they had landed on a whole separate planet. These immigrants, then, established new societies based on whatever personal apparitional or political value they had, far from the shadow of England. Over 150 years later these values still lived strongly in the descendants of these original settlers. The rights of the individual were dominant in every aspect of American life in 1763. From the relative religious freedom, to the independence of the press, to the coveted public town meeting, Americans, unlike many Europeans at the time, enjoyed the right to choose how they lived their lives. Theoretically, under the concept of mercantilism, which affirmed that the sole purpose of a colony was to provide for its mother country, Americans were restricted economically. But, until 1763, with Englands practice of salutary neglect, Americans enjoyed economic freedom and were able to trade covertly with whomever they wished. In 1763, England won the french/Indian War at a heavy financial. The high cost of the war forced England to take a firmer hold on its North American colonies. Since the French/Indian war was fought on American soil for the protection of the American people, the English government thought it elementary that the colonists should help pay off roughly of the debt incurred by the war. But the Americans were outraged. When the Stamp Act of 1765 was passed colonists reacted with widespread anger and violence.

The Hottest Workout: Bikram Yoga :: Exercise Health Fitness Papers

The Hottest Workout Bikram YogaImagine a 240-pound professional football player stretch his sweat-drenched body to its limits in heat of more than than 110 degrees. This scene doesnt throw place on a football field, but in a heated Bikram yoga studio where many athletes and everyday people are going to repossess and prevent aches and pains. Yoga, as a way to achieve higher self-awareness, was well-nigh as early as 200 B.C. in India and has been gradually growing in popularity in the western world over the past four decades. traditionalistic panaches of yoga, including Hatha yoga, which consists of thousands of poses, have long been studied as an effective bring in of complimentary or alternative medicine (CAM).The biggest yoga boom has occurred over the past decade harmonise to statistics from the International Association of Yoga Therapists. The Association estimates there were 20 million Americans practicing some form of yoga in 2002 compared to 6 million in 1994.Increased awareness of yoga as a healing method along with high-profile celebrity endorsements have contributed to the growing numbers of yoga users recently. Madonna and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar are some famous yogis that have been students of Bikram Choudhury, who founded his own style of hot yoga in India. Dina Lancour, a Hatha yoga instructor from Agawam, Massachusetts, took a Bikram yoga class under Choudhury. It reminded me of Indian sweat tents, Lancour said. It becomes very meditative and deep.Proponents of Bikram yoga and medical specialists have noted the health benefits of hot yoga. Other yoga practitioners and teachers have expressed concerns about the safety of practicing yoga in a hot room and some yoga purists question the motives of the founder, noting that his style is too externally focused. According to an article in the Charleston Gazette (March 24,2004) some yoga traditionalists think the help yoga has received in mainstream media and business is damaging to the ancient pr actice.Newer students of yoga are more concerned about how they look rather than the spiritual basis for yoga the article stated. Yoga purists believe focus on the outward image overlooks the true goals of yoga, which are more spiritually focused.Bikram yoga incorporates 26 of the Hatha poses and two breathing exercises in a specific read to get the maximum benefit for the body, said Megan Cooney, a certified Bikram instructor, who teaches at three studios in the Boston area. Choudhury developed the Bikram style after he suffered an knee injury from weight training.The Hottest Workout Bikram Yoga Exercise Health Fitness written documentThe Hottest Workout Bikram YogaImagine a 240-pound professional football player stretching his sweat-drenched body to its limits in heat of more than 110 degrees. This scene doesnt take place on a football field, but in a heated Bikram yoga studio where many athletes and everyday people are going to cure and prevent aches and pains. Yoga, as a wa y to achieve higher self-awareness, was around as early as 200 B.C. in India and has been gradually growing in popularity in the western world over the past four decades. Traditional styles of yoga, including Hatha yoga, which consists of thousands of poses, have long been studied as an effective form of complimentary or alternative medicine (CAM).The biggest yoga boom has occurred over the past decade according to statistics from the International Association of Yoga Therapists. The Association estimates there were 20 million Americans practicing some form of yoga in 2002 compared to 6 million in 1994.Increased awareness of yoga as a healing method along with high-profile celebrity endorsements have contributed to the growing numbers of yoga users recently. Madonna and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar are some famous yogis that have been students of Bikram Choudhury, who founded his own style of hot yoga in India. Dina Lancour, a Hatha yoga instructor from Agawam, Massachusetts, took a Bikram y oga class under Choudhury. It reminded me of Indian sweat tents, Lancour said. It becomes very meditative and deep.Proponents of Bikram yoga and medical specialists have noted the health benefits of hot yoga. Other yoga practitioners and teachers have expressed concerns about the safety of practicing yoga in a hot room and some yoga purists question the motives of the founder, noting that his style is too outwardly focused. According to an article in the Charleston Gazette (March 24,2004) some yoga traditionalists believe the attention yoga has received in mainstream media and business is damaging to the ancient practice.Newer students of yoga are more concerned about how they look rather than the spiritual basis for yoga the article stated. Yoga purists believe focus on the outward image overlooks the true goals of yoga, which are more spiritually focused.Bikram yoga incorporates 26 of the Hatha poses and two breathing exercises in a specific order to get the maximum benefit for th e body, said Megan Cooney, a certified Bikram instructor, who teaches at three studios in the Boston area. Choudhury developed the Bikram style after he suffered an knee injury from weight training.

Ancient Kemet :: World History

Ancient KemetEgypt was without question the first great refining in Africa. Surrounded by the hostile desert, Egypt arose as a populous settlement as a gift of the Nile River, which flooded surrounding plains and thus support farinaceous and wild plants. Straddling the strategic land crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe, Egypt also became a point for interchange between the Mediterranean and Red seas and the Persian Gulf. many an(prenominal) developments bear on the rest of Africa took place in or near the Nile Valley, such as the cultivation of plants and the development of metal smelting. Thus, Egypts major role in forming early African civilizations has been well established. In modern times, scholars often underestimated the contributions of ancient Egypt to European civilization. More than two millennia ago, when the Ptolemaic classics came to rule Egypt, they extensively adopted and interpreted Egyptian spiritual, material, political, aesthetic, and expert systems . Although later Greek authorities freely acknowledged their cultural debt to Egypt, during the nineteenth century many European writers, limited by their ethnocentrism and racism, decided that pitch-black Africa could stick out had nothing to do with Europes rise to greatness. Some treated Egypt as Middle Eastern and divorced it from the rest of Africa, whereas others went further, asserting the preeminence of northern Indo-Aryan sources of Greek civilization to the virtual exclusion of Semitic, African, and Egyptian influences. Beginning in ancient times, Egypt was a genuine crossroads of peoples and cultures, and its peoples were multiethnic and multiracial, as depicted in dynastic drawings of their rulers. They came from as far way as Asia Minor and Nubia, in the upper Nile Valley.Ancient Kemet World HistoryAncient KemetEgypt was without question the first great civilization in Africa. Surrounded by the hostile desert, Egypt arose as a populous settlement as a gift of the Nile River, which flooded surrounding plains and thus supported game and wild plants. Straddling the strategic land crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe, Egypt also became a point for interchange between the Mediterranean and Red seas and the Persian Gulf. Many developments affecting the rest of Africa took place in or near the Nile Valley, such as the cultivation of plants and the development of metal smelting. Thus, Egypts major role in forming early African civilizations has been well established. In modern times, scholars often underestimated the contributions of ancient Egypt to European civilization. More than two millennia ago, when the Ptolemaic Greeks came to rule Egypt, they extensively adopted and interpreted Egyptian spiritual, material, political, aesthetic, and intellectual systems. Although later Greek authorities freely acknowledged their cultural debt to Egypt, during the nineteenth century many European writers, limited by their ethnocentrism and racism, d ecided that black Africa could have had nothing to do with Europes rise to greatness. Some treated Egypt as Middle Eastern and divorced it from the rest of Africa, whereas others went further, asserting the preeminence of northern Aryan sources of Greek civilization to the virtual exclusion of Semitic, African, and Egyptian influences. Beginning in ancient times, Egypt was a genuine crossroads of peoples and cultures, and its peoples were multiethnic and multiracial, as depicted in dynastic drawings of their rulers. They came from as far way as Asia Minor and Nubia, in the upper Nile Valley.

Ancient Kemet :: World History

Ancient KemetEgypt was without question the first great nuance in Africa. Surrounded by the hostile desert, Egypt arose as a populous settlement as a gift of the Nile River, which flooded surrounding plains and thus support halting and wild plants. Straddling the strategic land crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe, Egypt also became a point for interchange between the Mediterranean and Red seas and the Persian Gulf. many an(prenominal) developments affect the rest of Africa took place in or near the Nile Valley, such as the cultivation of plants and the development of metal smelting. Thus, Egypts major role in forming early(a) African civilizations has been well established. In modern times, scholars often underestimated the contributions of ancient Egypt to European civilization. More than two millennia ago, when the Ptolemaic Grecians came to rule Egypt, they extensively adopted and interpreted Egyptian spiritual, material, political, aesthetic, and noetic systems. A lthough later Greek authorities freely acknowledged their cultural debt to Egypt, during the nineteenth century many European writers, limited by their ethnocentrism and racism, decided that melanise Africa could soak up had nothing to do with Europes rise to greatness. Some treated Egypt as Middle Eastern and divorced it from the rest of Africa, whereas others went further, asserting the preeminence of northern Indo-Aryan sources of Greek civilization to the virtual exclusion of Semitic, African, and Egyptian influences. Beginning in ancient times, Egypt was a genuine crossroads of peoples and cultures, and its peoples were multiethnic and multiracial, as depicted in dynastic drawings of their rulers. They came from as far way as Asia Minor and Nubia, in the upper Nile Valley.Ancient Kemet World HistoryAncient KemetEgypt was without question the first great civilization in Africa. Surrounded by the hostile desert, Egypt arose as a populous settlement as a gift of the Nile Ri ver, which flooded surrounding plains and thus supported game and wild plants. Straddling the strategic land crossroads between Africa, Asia, and Europe, Egypt also became a point for interchange between the Mediterranean and Red seas and the Persian Gulf. Many developments affecting the rest of Africa took place in or near the Nile Valley, such as the cultivation of plants and the development of metal smelting. Thus, Egypts major role in forming early African civilizations has been well established. In modern times, scholars often underestimated the contributions of ancient Egypt to European civilization. More than two millennia ago, when the Ptolemaic Greeks came to rule Egypt, they extensively adopted and interpreted Egyptian spiritual, material, political, aesthetic, and intellectual systems. Although later Greek authorities freely acknowledged their cultural debt to Egypt, during the nineteenth century many European writers, limited by their ethnocentrism and racism, decided t hat black Africa could have had nothing to do with Europes rise to greatness. Some treated Egypt as Middle Eastern and divorced it from the rest of Africa, whereas others went further, asserting the preeminence of northern Aryan sources of Greek civilization to the virtual exclusion of Semitic, African, and Egyptian influences. Beginning in ancient times, Egypt was a genuine crossroads of peoples and cultures, and its peoples were multiethnic and multiracial, as depicted in dynastic drawings of their rulers. They came from as far way as Asia Minor and Nubia, in the upper Nile Valley.

Major Depressive Disorder: Theories and Therapies Essay

1. Major Depressive inconvenience Definition and Symptoms Major Depressive Disorder may be diagnosed as maven or more(prenominal)(prenominal) episodes of a Major Depressive Episode. Symptoms of a major depressive episode take on depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in activities, weight changes, resi collectable problems, slowing of speech or agitation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness and/or guilt, difficulties in thinking, concentrating, or indecisiveness, and thoughts of death, suicide, or suicide attempts. These symptoms are not due to another medical or psychological reason, and they stool clinically significant distress or functional impairment. 4th ed. , text rev. DSM-IV-TR American Psychiatric Association, 2000)The cause of depression is not completely downstairsstood. It is, most likely, a combination of reasons, which may include chemical imbalances in the brain, psychological, or environmental factors, and genetics. Severe life stre ssors, such as divorce, or job loss, often contribute to depression. In a twelve month period, 6. 7% of the U. S. population is depressed. Of those that are depressed, 30. 4% are severe, or 2. 0% of the total U. S. population. Lifetime prevalence in the U.S. is 16. 5% of the population. ( home(a) Institute of Mental haleness (NIMH), Prevalence) Women are 70% more likely than men to live depression during their lifetime. (NIMH, Demographics) The National Institute of Mental Health withal reports that Blacks are 40% less likely than Whites, to experience depression in their lifetime.The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the total number of years a person may lose to illness, disability, or death. They have rated Unipolar Depression number one in diseases and disorders, with a loss of 10. years, well above heart disease and cancer. (NIMH, Leading Individual Diseases/Disorders) 2. cognitive theory and exemplary Interaction Theory of Major Depressive Disorder cognitive Theo ry (CT) Early prohibit experiences are overgeneralized and become a part of ones schema. The theory, authentic by Beck, asserts that ones electro contradict and dysfunctional view of ones self leads to depression. Thought distortions, such as absolute thinking, selective abstraction, and personalization, set one up for failure, and perpetuate the blackball thinking, leading to depression.Maladaptive thinking and behavior may be retarded or ca utilise by inexperience. Symbolic Interaction Theory (SIT) A person gives meanings to objects, experiences, and to self. tender interaction with others helps to define those meanings. Symbols and meanings develop and change over time. Self-conception comes from ones social interactions with others, and how one believes the other person perceives them. If a person believes others are looking at them and judging them invalidatingly, self perception is negative. Depression is caused by negative thinking and perceptions.Etiology Compare and C ontrast In both Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory, dysfunctional and negative thinking about self, form the basis for the depression. twain theories involve thoughts and feelings formed from internal and external stimuli. In both theories, beliefs are establish on interpretations rather than reality. In CT, the depression is more self centered and self inflicted. It is more internally base and controlled, turn SI depends more on negative external stimuli. Symbolic Interaction Theory adds the concept of interaction with others, while Cognitive Theory does not.Cognitive Theory suggests cognition and behavior are learned and built upon, while Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests thoughts and actions taking place in the present and are dynamic, ever-changing according to the present experience. Dynamics Compare and Contrast Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory both assert that beliefs about self leave strongly determine the way the individual behaves. CT a nd SIT both assert that people process external information and then apply it to themselves. Both involve irrational thinking.In both theories, the epressed person makes thought leaps, assumptions that are not supported. In Cognitive Theory, one may contain that because they had a negative experience in one situation, it will always be experienced the same way. In Symbolic Interaction Theory one may assume that an interaction with a person, or certain types of people will always be the same. CT may involve a situation the person experiences totally or with others, while SIT naturally would include interaction with others. Cognitive Theory of Depression builds and grows stronger with each negative experience, while Symbolic Interaction is more in the present.The negative and distorted thoughts of a depressed person are reactionary. c. Motivation for change Compare and Contrast In Cognitive Theory and Symbolic Interaction Theory, motivation for change would include the need for love , support, and interaction with others. We are social beings and need that interaction. Depression separates one from others because it becomes mentally and physically difficult to function. With that insularity comes confirmation of the distorted, negative self beliefs. Ruminations drag the depressed person further away from truth (cognitive) and people (interaction).Major Depression is not an illness one can pull out of alone. Although it would be possible without professional help, it wouldnt be possible without other people. There would be no purpose to change. In Cognitive Theory, motivation for change would include a imperative self image and the ability to enjoy ones life. Motivation for change in Symbolic Interaction Theory would include positive self image and enjoying ones life, as well as rejoining society, and having a positive impress on others.3. Major Depressive Disorder InterventionsAccording to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) practice guidelines, acute phase treatment for uncomplainings with major depressive disorder may include pharmacotherapy, depression-focused psychotherapy, the combination of medications and psychotherapy, or other somatic therapies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial charismatic stimulation (TMS), or light therapy. The treatment chosen should depend on the gracelessness of symptoms, other illnesses or stressors present, patient and doctor preference, and past treatment outcomes.In their study of depressed patients, Budd, James, & Hughes (2008) found that patients felt Cognitive behavioural Therapy helped them more than either other therapy. Pharmacotherapy Antidepressant medication is generally the first treatment recommended for depression. Some of the first drugs used to treat depression were tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), such as Elavil. They attain the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. They are used less often because of stead effectuate. Monoamine oxidase inhibi tors (MAOIs), such as Narwal, were also used in early treatments for patients with treatment resistant depression.Because of viands interactions and the need for dietary restrictions, these medications are also used less often. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac, work by increasing the metre of the neurotransmitter serotonin available to the brain. Seratonin and Norepinephrin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as Effexor, increase the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters that can be used by the brain. Mirtazapine, a check name is Remora, is a non-adrenegic and specific serotonergic antidepressant. Buproprion, found in the brand Wellbutrin, is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.All of these drugs may be used in the treatment of depression. (NIMH) psychotherapeutics psychotherapy, sometimes referred to as talk therapy, educates a patient about mental illness and provides tools, or strategies, to improve the patients mental health, as well as social functioning. There are several different types of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy for Major Depression is usually used in conjunction with medication. Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT) Developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s, CBT helps the patient understand how thoughts can influence behavior.CBT helps a person focus on his or her current problems and how to solve them. The patient learns how to identify distorted or unhelpful thinking patterns, recognize and change inaccurate beliefs, relate to others in more positive ways, and change behaviors accordingly. (NIMH) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Interpersonal Psychotherapy was developed in the 1980s, by Gerald Kerman and Myrna Weissman, to treat depression. (Markowitz & Weissman, 2012) Mood, and its relation to social circumstances, is examined, and the patient learns how to react positively to negative circumstances.It is time particular and has been proven to be an effective treatment for depression. (Ma rkowitz & Weitzman, 2012) Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Similar to CBT, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy focuses on changing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems. The therapy was developed by Albert Ellis, Ph. D. , in 1955. Ellis asserts, It is largely our thinking about events that leads to emotional and behavioral upset. Working with the present in mind, the patient is encouraged to look at the negative thinking that leads to negative emotions and behaviors.Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy was developed by Drs. Zindel Segal, Mark Williams, and John Teasdale. It is an eight-session program based on eastern spirituality. Developed for use in preventing depression relapse, it focuses on the patients awareness of personal thought patterns and emotions. Knowing the ruminations and self-critical thinking that precedes depression, the patient is taught how to divert the depression. (American Psychological Association) Somatic TherapiesDeep humor Stimulation (DBS) Electrodes are placed on specific areas of the brain that stimulate the brain continuously through a pulse generator implanted under the skin. A long term follow up study by Kennedy and his colleagues (2011), found social functioning and physical health continued to improve for up to six years after the treatment. The response rate was high at 60%, and the remission rate was 30%, based on the Hamilton Depression rank Scale. (Kennedy et al. , 2011) Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation was first used in a study for treatment of depression in 1993, and pass by the FDA in 2008. The neural pathway, from the frontal cortex of the brain to the limbic area, is stimulated. This pathway is believed to be deficient in depressed patients. A pulsating, alternating magnetic field above the scalp sends an electric current through the brain. The electrical current flows to the cortex, depola rizing neurons, and sends signals to the limbic region. This procedure is preformed while the patient is awake.It produces minor twitches, has few side effects, and is non-invasive. The study I read showed a 65% improvement in symptoms. (George & Post, 2011) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, is usually used on treatment-resistant depression. A seizure is produced by an electrical shock to the brain. This shock changes the chemical balance in the brain. A patient generally has several procedures a week at first. Procedures are decreased to once a week and then once a month. The amount of ECT needed varies with each person.Memory loss and other cognitive effects sometimes occur, but usually diminish with time. (National Institute of Mental Health) It is important that a skilled Psychiatrist perform the procedure because the effectiveness of the treatment depends on the accuracy of the physicians skills. (Lisanby, 2007) Vagus Nerve Stim ulation (VNS) Vagus nerve stimulation sends electrical pulses from a surgically implanted generator in the chest to the vagus nerve. Every few seconds a pulse runs through the nerve to the part of the brain that is thought to effect mood. (NIMH) Complimentary and Alternative TherapiesThe National Institute of Mental Health also lists St. Johns wort, S-adenosyl methionine (sometimes called SAMe), omega-3 fatty acids, light therapy, and acupuncture as complimentary and alternative therapies. Botox has also been studied as a treatment for depression, with the theory that suppressing frowning in a depressed person can decrease the depression. (Kruger, T. H. C. , et al. , 2012) 4. Theory and Treatment cogitate Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy a) Etiology Maintenance of depression by negative, automatic thoughts, and withdrawing from others, is the basis for Cognitive Theory.In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression, the thickening is taught to replace negati ve cognitive thoughts and behaviors with positive ones. Sterling Moorey (2010) developed a maintenance model of depression with six cycles depicted as a nefarious flower. It is a tool to help clients understand depression what causes it, and how it is maintained, as well as cognitive and behavioral changes to ameliorate it. The links between Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be seen clearly in the model as described below. b) Dynamics Testing negative thoughts and beliefs replaces automatic negative thinking.Problem solving and developing compassion replaces ruminating and self-attacks. Mood recognition replaces mood/emotions. Becoming physically active, and taking one step at a time, replaces insularism and avoidance. Experimenting with helpful behaviors replaces unhelpful behaviors. Motivation and physical symptoms are replaced by taking care of oneself and exercising. (Moorey, 2010) A link between Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, is exhibi t when exercise is used as a treatment for depression. Exercise engages the patient mentally and physically.It changes behavior, increases health, and encourages interaction with others. It is positive change that can be used for intervention and prevention. (Martinson, 2008) c) Motivation for Change Cognitive Theory of Depression asserts that dysfunctional and negative beliefs about self causes and maintains depression. Gaining a positive self image based on cognitive behavioral changes will enable a depressed person to participate in, and enjoy life. Looking at difficulties and life events from a positive perspective, allows one to believe success is possible, and behave accordingly.Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Therapy a. Etiology Looking at events from a dysfunctional and negative view, based on our interactions with others, perpetuates negative thoughts and feelings, according to the Symbolic Theory of Major Depressive Disorder. This was demonstrated in a study by Vranceanu, Gallo, and Bogart (2009). They found that women with depressed symptomatology reported more negative personal interactions and less positive support, than women who were not depressed.The negative reactions the depressed women received, may serve as reinforcers for dysfunctional beliefs. (p. 468) Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) links mood to the clients circumstances, dowry the client to understand what triggers the depression. Often, negative circumstances involve a relationship, or some event that involves the clients interpersonal functioning. (Markowitz and Weissman, 2012) Liverant, Kamholz, Sloan, & Brown (2011), showed there is a correlation between rumination and other forms of emotional suppression, such as avoidance and withdrawal.They found the more often emotional suppression was used, particularly rumination, the greater the intensity of sadness. b. Dynamics The negative thoughts and feelings the client has perceived from interactions with others, as well as p ersonal relationship problems, are evaluated by the therapist. IPT is time-limited, and solution based. The therapist is understanding, supportive, and encouraging. aroused acceptance of negative experiences may serve as a tool to reduce rumination, thus decreasing the symptoms of depression. (Liverant, et al. 2011) Interpersonal skills are taught so clients can learn to interact with others in more positive ways. c. Motivation for Change Motivation for change in both Symbolic Interaction Theory and Interpersonal Therapy is a return to a positive mood, the ability to enjoy life, and to interact with others in a positive way. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs attained through interaction with others, as demonstrated in Symbolic Interaction Theory, can be changed by learning person skills to interact more positively with others, thus providing positive response and trim back depression.

The Transitions of Women’s Role in the Society

From the beginning of time, females have been considered the inferior sex. They have been given titles such as, fragile, delicate, wearied beings when in fact women have proved that they are certainly equal as men, if not stronger. Child grind is one physical aspect of their strengths that women conk protrude while others constitute taking over the duties of their male counterparts while they fought in the major wars for the country. Yet history hardly gave women credit for their accomplishments in the 19th and archaean 20th century.When history did give the female sex a voice, it consisted of their participation in the traditional references cast upon them as wives and then mothers. Outside of this realm, womens activities were considered strange or accidental. This was certainly the case with Latin America, a complex, diverse, stratified region composed of m any different nations. It seems appropriate at this time to undertake a search of the history of Mexico in order to p robe the little known mysteries of the womens actual role in society. My search will revolve roughly the regime of Porfirio Diaz, commsolely known as the Porfiriato.Women of every class and background were involved in many diverse undertakings during that period. Vivian Vallens in her nurse, Working Women in Mexico during the Porfiriato visualised this picture well. She discussed the upper and middle class women briefly so that a rounded view of womens activities can be unders besidesd. Her book concentrated well-nigh the theme of Mexican women working in the textile and cigar-making factories from 1880 1910. She stressed how their traditional roles went with a great transition in response to the rise of industrialism and the tote policies of the Diaz regime.Prior the Industrial Revolution, women played a direct role in the economy and in the development of society. Most of the population lived on large estates or haciendas on which all production took place for each family. W omen worked alongside men in the fields or in home acquaintprises in addition to their frugal contribution, women also undertook the task of bearing and raising a large family. With the Industrial Revolution came many changes in economics, politics, society, and in the role of women. The production of many necessities shifted out of the home and into the factories.Many families travel to urban areas to better their economic status and to become a part of the new society. The government practiced laissez faire (no regulation of the trading sector) which allowed the manufacturing plant owners to abuse their workers to reap great profits. The working class was most affected by the Industrial Revolution. Upper and middle class women found themselves with appreciable time on their hands since the new economy assumed the production of many household items. While the upper-class women busied themselves with their looks and entertainment, the middle-class women developed the paper of motherhood as a full-time occupation.These women retreated from their previous roles and public life by totally centering their lives around their husband and children. This change set a pattern of the ideal activities for women being centered around the home and family. Gradually, however, some upper and middle class women found this rather narrow concept of their roles too rigid and restrictive, and they became involved in many activities in order to open educational and occupational opportunities for women. It was the Diaz government and the positivist view that allowed the women to educate themselves and grow two mentally and socially.As Vallens described it, The positivist concepts about education had a profound effect on Mexican women of the middle sectors, Juarez and his associates offered women an education and a befall to work outside the home. They looked to the women of the middle sectors as potential teachers. Yucatan, for example, became one of the first states to ma ke secondary education available to women. As teachers, the Mexican women served not only as agents of literacy, but also as instigators of change and advocates of new ideas.The positivists had originally instituted education to bring conformity nevertheless, educated women seemed to bring exactly the opposite. The military issue of women tending both primary and secondary schools steadily increased. Schools for women were established in the Federal District as well as in leading provincial cities. Women began to enter the teaching profession in ever increasing numbers. By 1895, 51. 3% of all the teachers were women and by 1910 this figure had raised to 64. 4%. A select number of women went on to get higher education and became professionals such as lawyers and doctors.Vallens indicated that such women included Maria Asuncion Sandoval de Zarco and Matilda Montoya. They not only tested their traditional role but also pioneered a path for others to follow. The lower-class women of Mexico set about an entirely different type of change in their pattern of living. The lower class women moved to the urban surroundings to better their economic status with their families. Forced to work in the factories to support their families, these women enlarged their circle of association and this helped them become aware of the communality of the problems faced by working women.This shift had a tremendous impact because the urban life had the effect of broadening their scope and developing their militancy. Working class women began to push up aside their earlier attitudes of passive submission and became involved in group activities and cheeks. Vallens portrays their struggle in the textile and cigar-making factories. Their docile attitude in the beginning allowed the milling machinery owners to take advantage of them and abuse their condition terribly. The owners hired women so they can reap more profits by paying them less than men.For example, the Cocolapam textile fa ctory in 1893 employed 90 men, 240 women, and 15 children. Wages varied by factory, by sex, and by age. Conditions under which they worked were horrible and unsanitary. Even more women worked in the cigar-making factories, and then subject to higher percentage of abuse. The Mexican women cigar-makers worked fourteen to fifteen hours per day with each woman searched for factory products before she went home. They too worked in unhygienic asynchronous transfer mode with low roofs and no ventilation.Originally, upon first arriving from the rural areas, they accepted any salary or condition of work set by the factory owners of both industries without any declare. With time, however, Vallens indicates that their traditional outlook was slowly discarded after the women were exposed to economic self-dependence and the spirit of growing militancy among their fellow factory workers. (38) They realized that they could challenge and protest many of the owners actions. Their concept of their proper role changed and they responded to their pressures by organizing, protesting, and striking.A number of socialists and anarchists helped give leadership to these early organizations. Their political philosophy stressed, among other points, the need for inclusion of women in all levels of activity. For example, Santiago Villanueva an anarchist stressed the theme of womens rights and responsibilities both in Mexican society and within the labor movement. This encouragement allowed women to actively participate in meetings of the labor movement. As a result, women like Carmen Huerta became prominent labor leaders and were elected president of the Congress of workers.Vallens book was interesting and easy to follow. She clearly stated her point and used hard evidence from her sources to prove that point. Her use of statistics made her point all the more presumptive and very realistic. What was shocking to me was that she was able to retrieve such statistics and stories of women s leadership when history gave them a silent voice. Women, of that era, in fact saw the need for organization and so they played a role in such a development as a result of their tragic experiences.Many leaders rose to the occasion and served as an inspiration they laid the groundwork for working womens acceptance into more active and public roles. They learned their lesson well that only through collective action could change be made. Such leadership and action cannot be considered accidental or inconsequential as societies of the past have label women heroes. Vallens, through her clear-cut style of writing, showed the reader that women in Mexico did not have a quite voice as history has written.They possessed a flashy voice and when they realized they did, they used it Vallens theme of the changing role of women and their growing level of consciousness can be best described by Josefina Reyes in La Mujer en el hogar y en la sociedad, Happily we belong to a generation that has the good fortune to conceive the sublime idea of the emancipation of woman, one of the greatest steps that humanity has taken along the broad path of progress. We are now no longer in the demerit of believing that woman was made only for the home and family.

Migration from Mexico to united states

Migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we essential understand the diverse components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. We must(prenominal) attempt to understand the reasons to migrate and how laws affect the various forms of migration and if there would be solutions to this practice of migration. The objective is to study the problems, the solutions and the reasoning behind migration as a whole.In order to understand the reasons behind migration of people we must first define the various components of migration. Migration refers to the movement of an individual from his or her home country, also cognize as the source country to another country as his or her destination. The two main movements be involved include immigration and emigration.Immigration would be the movement of indi viduals into a country. Emigration is the movement of individuals from their home country. The end between emigration and immigration would be known as net migration and this can be either positive or negative. Positive would be when immigration exceeds emigration and negative would be the reverse of that process. (Kar, 2006, 187)There are many different influences and consequences relative to migration for anyone that moves from where they originated. Factors that would shed to do with migration include the economic growth and nurture of the country that people are leaving, specifically GDP, the level of domestic development, and finally income and quality of life within the countries.Another two factors include how urbanized an compass would be and variations in that consideration along with levels of education that would in fact be available for children across the country of origin in place of obscure areas. Occasionally, the amount of US influence on a country can either a dversely or conversely affect the amount of migration.We see this now as we build walls along the US and Mexican border. We see it in the denials for migrants that are entering this country from all over the world as the metrical composition increase exponentially. The US has gone so far as to give the Homeland Security office to ensure that human trafficking is policed, and have created new laws to create fencing between the US and Mexican border to prevent more immigrants from entering the country illegally.An attempt at appeasement for Mexico in regard to what was known as the bill to create a guest worker program failed in gaining the necessary acceptance. (Fletcher, 2003, 343) Migration from Mexico has generated a sizeable Mexican-born population in the United States. Mexican estimates compute this population in the range of 8 to 8.5 million, of which the non-authorized component is estimated between 3 and 3.5 million. The US Census Bureau estimates that there are more than gild million Mexican immigrants living in the United States. Of these, approximately 4.7 million, or over half, are undocumented. However, about 1.6 million, or one in five Mexicans, are naturalized US citizens (MPI, 2002, 1).Regulation and policing will only go so far in slowing the amount of migration. Force rarely facilitates the ability to have residents of one country to remain in that country and there have been no recent incentives to have many of them stay in their own countries. The US may provide aid, and this may actually end up causing further migration in place of bringing a halt to it. Aid is not always the answer, unless that aid is universal in content coming from many donors in place of one.ReferencesFletcher, R (2003) Beliefs and Knowledge Believing and Knowing Howard & Price.Kar, P (2006) biography and related application of Migration Dasgupta & Chatterjee.Migration Policy Institute (MPI). (2002) Mexico A Crucial Crossroads. Retrieved 1/9/2007

Neurotransmitters and Memory

Those with Parkinson disease suffer from a deterioration of neurons ethylated the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is vital for normal movement. This often leaves patients with severe mobility problems. regular(prenominal) treatment embraces the drug I-dope, which substitutes dopamine in the brain but can ca white plague side effects, and over long term use becomes ineffective. As is the brass with all neurological diseases, the tissue that is destroyed cannot be regenerated. The cellular treatments purpose to interchange the missing neurons with dopamine-producing cells from foetal brains or with those harvested from human stem cells.The stu divulges suggest that fetal brain tissue transplanted into the brains of those suffering from neurological conditions can actually grow new viable neurons whose transmitters produce and release dopamine into the brain. There is still the acquire for continued research as often of the results have shown little improvement in symptoms. Here i n lies the controversy of such continued research. Moral, ethical and sound concerns are being raised in light of request and grants for said research. Many are arguing over what a fetus really represents.Whether it is a person or merely a developing System of ells. At present fetal tissue IS harvested from spontaneous abortions and still births with permission of the mother, much equivalent that of donating your body to science. The use of elected aborted fetus has yet to be authorized. There comes into question the motives of the use of elected aborted fetus. If there will be a pecuniary kick ARGUING THE USE OF FETAL TISSUE 3 back to aborting mothers, or if a fetus will be conceived for the use of a family part with a disease the like Parkinson.At present it takes the sum of six fetus to supply the needed tissue transplantation into a Parkinson sapient. It is reported that 90-95 percent of the neurons transplanted die before they can attach and began to grow new tissue. Major c oncerns in regards to acquiring ample fetal donations is in round table discussions and has been tied up in debate for years. I myself have not been faced with a friend or family member stricken by a disease like Parkinson. Working in the medical field for the past 17 years I have dealt with patients with the diagnosis.Watching how they struggle and the frustration they face on a workaday basis has to be exhausting for them. I feel hat we are in great need of further research for many medical ailments and diseases. inquisitive the use of fetal tissue definitely strikes a nerve for many. And it is such a sensitive subject which has a power house of backing much like that of the Catholic Church whose view is that a life begins at conception. Where others say its not a life before the third trimester. I myself do not condone the use of farming fetal tissue. Onto see why we cannon have access to the fetal tissue which has been aborted. Why not use that tissue and gain from it all that we can. How much is it costing to dispose of such tissue? Can see where it can easily be regulated by the government and possibly save tax payer dollars in disposal fees. These are fetus that are electively aborted. The number of elective abortions in this nation in 201 1 was 1. 06 million. How many experimental transplants could have taken place using this viable tissue? I am also very interested in research on growing cells in the lab environment.

Risk Aversion and Question

Question 3 (5 points) Suppose your dear old Grandfather approaches you for investment advice. He knows of your smashing training in pay and statistics and gives the following instructions Obviously, I want to maximize my issues, notwithstanding since my life is now quite boring, I also bang a good thrill. My first priority is to pick the security with the highest return. After that, pick me the most volatile investment so I tail approve the thrills of holding lay on the line. Suppose there ar three securities (X, Y, and Z) to choose from next year, the economy will be in an expansion, normal, or recession state with probabilities 0. 0, 0. 20, and 0. 40 respectively. The returns (%) on the securities in these states are as follows warrantor X expansion = +13, normal = +9, recession = +7 Security Y,+1 5,+1 5,+2 Security Z +17,+10,+2. 5. Which investment best fits your grandfathers needs? Your Answer Correct. Once you see the calculations, his preferences determine the obvious choice. Security X. An exposure to how your choices depend on your risk preferences. Question 4 (10 points) The more than idiosyncratic risk in the return of a security, the larger the risk premium investors will demand.Your Answer True False. 10. 00 Correct. You rede risk-aversion and the implied diversification by investors. 10. 00 / 10. 00 Fundamentals of risk and diversification. Question 5 (10 points) We often want to find investments that perform well when other parts of our portfolio are struggling. When considering stocks to work to the portfolio, those with a correlation closer to zero with our existing portfolio will most effectively help us diversify. Your Answer Correct. You understand relationships and their critical role in diversification. True.Again, understanding relationships and diversification. Question 6 (10 points) As a CEO you wish to maximize the productivity of your workers. You are thinking about providing your employees with smartness so they shtup be readily available to clients and step-up sales. However, you are also concerned that your employees are entirely as likely to download APS that will distract them from their work, hint them to play games and update their social networking sites rather than focus on the Job of pleasing clients. To test this you randomly select 6 employees for an experiment.You provide 3 with the recent smart phone and the other 3 exercise their existing technology. The following chart shows their changes in sales. Based on this small sample, what is the correlation between smartened and increase in sales? Hint It may help to use the spreadsheet function COERCE to calculate the correlation (Enter the answer with no more nor less than two decimal places, and set off off the % sign. For example, if your answer is 13. 97% you should enter it as 13. 97 NOT 0. 14 nor 14) Anthony, Smartened Yes change in sales 120 Kirk,Smartened No Change in Sales 60 Michael, Smartened No Change in Sales 150 Scarlet. , Smartened Yes Change in Sales 130 Pete, Smartened Yes Change in Sales 40 Angela, Smartened No Change in Sales 60. Answer for Question 6 You entered Your Answer 8. 03 Correct. You know how to calculate/measure relationships. Calculation of correlation important to finance and Just about anything else. Question 7 (10 points) Investors generally do not like to bear risk. Because of this, the price of an otherwise identical government bond relational to a corporate bond will be Your The same. Lower. Higher. Correct.You will be willing to pay less for something that you dislike relative to the alternative. Total Simple set of risk-aversion. Question 8 (1 5 points) Suppose your client is risk-averse but can invest in only one of the three securities, X, Y, or Z, in an doubtful world characterized as follows. abutting year the economy will be in an expansion, normal, or recession state with probabilities 0. 40, 0. 40, and 0. 20, respectively. The returns (%) on the three securities in these states are as follows Security X expansion = +14, normal = +10, recession = +7 Security Y +1 1, 9, +8 Security Z +13, +8, +7. . Which security can you rule out, that is, you will not advise your client to invest in it? Your Answer Inherent 0. 00 Calculate the basic statistics for all three securities and evaluate them establish on risk- return trade-offs. Security Z. None of the securities. 0. 00/ 15. 00 This is a real life situation that requires you to think through a bit. Question 9 (15 points) You have Just taken over as a fund manager at a brokerage firm. Your assistant, Thomas, is briefing you on the current portfolio and states We have too such(prenominal) of our portfolio in Alpha.We should probably move some of those funds into Gamma so we can achieve better diversification. Is he right? Hint Feel free to use spreadsheet statistical functions. Here is the data on all three stocks. Assume, for convenience, that all three securities do not pay dividends. Alpha, c atamenia Price 40 Current Weight 80% Next Years Price Expansion 48, habitual 44, Recession 36 Beta, Current Price 27. 50 Current Weight 20% Next Years Price Expansion 27. 50, Normal 26, Recession 25 Gamma, Current Price 15 Current Weight 0% Next Years Price Expansion 16. 0, Normal 19. 50, Recession 12. Your Answer It depends. Yes. 15. 00 Correct. You know how to calculate relationships and to make informed portfolio management decisions. No. 15. 00/ 15. 00 A good question for figuring out portfolio composition accustomed that we are into diversification. Question 10 (1 5 points) Suppose there are two mortgage bankers. Banker 1 has two $1,000,000 mortgages to sell. The borrowers live on opposite sides of the land and face an independent luck of default of 5%, with the banker able to salvage 40% of the Ortega value in case of default.Banker 2 also has two $1,000,000 mortgages to sell, but Banker gs borrowers live on the same street, have the same Job security and income. Put differ ently, the fates and thus solvency of Banker gs borrowers move in lock step. They have a probability of defaulting of 5%, with the banker able to salvage 40% of the mortgage value in case of default. Both Bankers plan to sell their respective mortgages as a cumulus in a mortgage-backed security (MBPS) (I. E. , as a portfolio). Which of the following is correct? Your Answer Banker 1 s MBPS has a higher(prenominal) expected return and more risk.Banker gs MBPS has a higher expected return and more risk. Banker 1 s MBPS has more risk, but the expected returns on both MBPS are the same. Banker Xis MBPS has a higher expected return and less risk. Banker gs MBPS has more risk, but the expected returns on both MBPS are the same. Correct. You can calculate, and base decisions on, risk-return trade-offs. Banker gs MBPS has a higher expected return and less risk. A topical issue given the current crisis requires you to both calculate and make decisions based on risk-return trade-offs.

Comprehensive Analysis of Staples

Comprehensive Analysis of Staples Harding University Angela Maloch Ashley Perez Keith Miller Ricky Griffin Abstract This paper go out inspection Staples, Inc. comprehensively. The authors will discourse Staples kens, thrills, and accusatives, in addition to outlining the firms internal strengths and weaknesses and their external opportunities and threats. Several matrices will be implicated to volunteer visual aid and better observations of the trading operations and current practices of the company. Recomm set asideations will be provided on immature courses of action that whitethorn benefit the company and financial aid increment sales and brand aw areness.Vision and Mission Staples, is the beings largest office return validation, and a reliable source for office solutions. The company products and services imply office supplies, copy and print supplies, and technology to turn out these products. Staples, also provides supplies for facilities, break-room, and furn iture (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples conceptualized the office super entrepot in 1986. It has more than 88,000 associates worldwide, in 26 countries, and fosters annual sales of 25 billion (Staples, Inc, 2012).Many brass instruments foundations began with a peck and an organisational mission. The vision and mission are set to be accomplished by setting objectives, and employing strategies to achieve the goals set by the musical arrangement. According to furrow forward motion Architects Creating a have vision and developing the strategies to achieve it is one of the organizations well-nigh difficult challenges. The vision is more than a dream it must convey a larger guts of organizational purpose, so that employees are able to picture themselves building the dream company rather than laying the stones. It is an ambitious view of the future that everyone in the organization can believe in, one that can be realistically achieved, yet put forwards a future that is better in im portant ways than what now exists. (Business Improvement Architects, n. d. ) Staples mission is to make it easy to buy office products (David, 2013). The mission is sincere yet it encompasses what the organization strives to do with the products and services it provides to its guests throughout the world. Staples, does non have a written vision, but he the organization utilizes a unique approach in identifying the future direction of the company.Staples Soul program is a program intentional by Staples, Inc. to help make the organization an employer and neighbor of choice, and sets Staples brand apart from competitors. The program is also aimed at allowing Staples to grow profitably and responsibly (Staples, Inc, 2012). Objectives and Strategies In Staples 2011 yearbook Report, Ron Sargent who serves as the organizations Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive dresserr stated At Staples, we take great pride in our undifferentiated execution and our ability to evolve and me et the changing inescapably of our customers.Throughout our 25 year history weve succeeded by setting aggressive goals, acquiring and retaining customers, and being accountable for our performance. We took the same approach in 2011 and made progress on many of our key initiatives, despite the challenging economic surround. (Staples, Inc, 2012) Staples has established goals and objectives to keep the organization practicable in the fast changing market, and the sluggish economy. The Staples Soul program, separates the organizations objectives into four pillars, and outlines the strategies to obtaining those objectives.The four pillars of center on of the Staples Soul course of study are community, ethics, diversity, and environment (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples Community Objectives and Strategies Staples is dedicated to supply education, hope and opportunity to the communities of where their customers live. The community efforts are strategically approached through local anaest hetic grassroots programs, and large scale initiatives that build ties in the globular community (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples has donated more than $17 one thousand thousand to nonprofit organizations, in the United States, and around the world in 2011.Through its Choose a Charity program, Staples has enabled associates to donate nearly $1. 9 million to organizations, in which they care about (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples has also been established volunteer programs, and associate volunteer programs which has led to more than 33,000 hours of volunteer work to being performed in 26 countries (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples and Ethics and Strategies Staples 2011 annual report discusses their objective to meeting the estimable component of the organization.The report states We believe that doing right is just as important as doing well. We batch ourselves to the highest standards of honesty, fairness and integrity, and continually implement strategies to ensure ethical conduct from the boardroom to the supply chain to the store. Our strong ethical foundation, demonstrated in the daily relationships with our stakeh sexagenarianers, and ensures our act success. (Staples, Inc, 2012) Staples stress the enormousness of ethics in the business organization. The good business ethics must span throughout the entire organization.In efforts to achieve and maintain an ethical environment Staples has done the following * Ethics, helpline, and training and awareness program in every business unit and function worldwide (Staples, Inc, 2012). * Established a new Ethics scorecard that allows senior leaders and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors to monitor compliance with program requirements (Staples, Inc, 2012). * Created and established a monitoring and peakment manakin to assess how well we are preventing, detecting and responding to ethics and compliance risks (Staples, Inc, 2012). Updated the Staples Suppliers Code of Conduct, by adding an Environmental an d Business Ethics section, while modifying opposite sections (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples, the Environment and Strategies Staples Annual Report focused on environment as its third organizational objective. The organizations 2011 report states At Staples, our vision is to generate business and environmental benefits for ourselves, our customers and our communities by leading the way in sustainable business practices. his vision through a come ond focus on sourcing more sustainable products improve our offering of recycling and other green services maximizing our energy efficiency and renewable energy use and eliminating louse up. In 2011, we communicated several new global sustainability goals and continued to work in several program areas to help move us closer to our sustainability vision. (Staples, Inc, 2012) As mentioned before the environmental pillar of the Staples Soul programs is good to the organization, the environment, the community and the customer.Staples has been instrumental in environmental progress by recycling more than 67 million ink and toner cartridges, and 13 million pounds of technology waste in the United States. Staples has continued the implementation of its Race to the Top Initiative, which is focused on key suppliers trim the environmental impact of their product (Staples, Inc, 2012). At the end of 2011, Staples had 286 facilities in the U. S. that have received the ENERGY STAR for buildings certification. By the close of 2011 Staples had 36 solar installations at 33 facilities and purchased a large sum of renewable energy certificates.Staples has a goal of reducing operational electrical intensity by 25%, and global carbon emissions by 50% by 2020 from a 2010 baseline (Staples, Inc, 2012). Staples, Diversity and Objectives Staples believes that being a successful company is dependent on people with rich backgrounds and diverse views. Staples commitment to diversity and inclusion opens the doors for the people of different ra ces, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, physical ability, background and thinking styles. This in turn allows the company to be more innovative, because the organizations associate base reflects the diversity of the customers.Staples diverse custody and suppliers help to build and enrich relationships with customers. While building upon these customer relationships, the organization is able to adapt to the ever changing global market place (Staples, Inc, 2012). Although Staples does not have a written vision account, the Staples Soul Program has outlined the path, in which the organization deficiencys to proceed over its business life. Fred R. David states A vision statement should answer the basic question, What do we want to become? (David, 2013, p. 45) David also states that a comprehensive mission statement is formulated by a clear vision.It is suggested that the vision statement be established first, and should be short approximately one sentence (David, 2013, p. 45). Many organizations have both a vision and a mission statement. David states that an organizations mission statement distinguishes one organization from another in the same industry. An organizations mission statement is its reason for being. A mission statement is important for effectively establishing objectives and forming strategies (David, 2013, p. 45). It is important when formulating a vision and mission statement, it is important to include the managers and the employees.When employees and managers work together to formulate the organizations vision and mission, the statements will reflect the personal visions that employees and managers alike feel passionate towards, and sets the foundation for the future. The shared vision leads to a common objective and can motivate employees and remove the quotidian atmosphere in the work environment (David, 2013, p. 47). An organizations vision and mission statement can * Ensure unanimity of organizational purpose * say a standard fo r allocation of organizational resources * Establish organizational climate or general tone Serve as a focal omen for people to identify with the organizations purpose * To help translate objectives into a work structure assignments and task * To specify organizational purpose and translate those into organizational objectives (David, 2013, p. 48). The Staples Soul Program sets the tone for a vision statement for the organization. Staples vision statement could read Staples vision is to be a world leader in providing easy assessable office supplies while being committed to improvements in ethics, environment, community, and diversity for those we serve. The Staples mission as stated before states that the companys mission is to make it easy to buy office products. (David, 2013, p. 69) Staples mission and vision projected through its Staples Soul Program has set then foundation for the organizational to expand and utilize its strengths and opportunities to continue to be a leader i n its industry. The organization can also utilize this foundation set to identify weaknesses, and potence industry threats. Eternal Opportunities and Threats outside Opportunities Opportunities can pull in an organization an edge over the competition. Staples, Inc. isplays the potential to gain its ontogenesis in additional countries. Currently Staples has ccc stores internationally. An international expansion would increase the profits for the organization. According to David (2013) Growth is forecast to reach almost $88 billion by 2013, reflecting a five-year average growth rate of less than 1 percent (p. SM-66). The advancement in technology can provide Staples with a match diversity for its shoppers. New technological gadgets continue to bring additional efficiency for individuals in a number of ways such(prenominal) as online shop, reading books, and playing games. Staples, Inc. artnered with Barnes and Noble to offer an alternate twine reader commonly kn avouch as The N OOK. This technological device competes with Amazons Kindle and the Apples iPad. The partnership with Barnes and Noble will provide Staples with the opportunity to expand indoors the digital era. External Threats Threats are external and could occur at any time. Threats most often occur from other competing companies. Staples, Inc. continually competes with a number of organizations in regard to price competition and retail competition. damage competition occurs with equal ground stores such as Office terminal figure and OfficeMax. Staples, Inc. s the largest office supply company compared to Office Depot classified as the second place organization. David (2013) stated the following interesting fact, Staples is larger than Office Depot and OfficeMax combined (p. SM-76). The three organizations march equal challenges in regard to the reduction of sales because of businesses going paperless. The retail competition includes stores such as Wal-Mart, Kmart, and Target. These organ izations display the need to obtain additional market share. As stated earlier, Staples, Inc. began the route of digital services with the latest product from Barnes and Noble commonly known as The NOOK.With the consumer trend of digital services reduces the need for traditional supplies. potassium initiatives continue to be another factor for the reduction of traditional supplies, which reduces the need to stock a lot of cases of copy paper in the distribution centers. Competitive Profile Matrix External Factors External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) Key External Factors WeightRatingScore Opportunities International growth (only 300 stores overseas). 12 4. 48 Trends towards digital items. 12 4. 48 New partnerships (Barnes & Nobles). 11 3. 33 Implement research/development. 15 4. 60Threats Price competition. 10 3. 30 Retail competition. 12 4. 48 Unemployment rates. 06 2. 12 Oil prices. 06 2. 12 New technologies reduce need for traditional supplies . 10 3. 30 Green initiatives migh t shift demand for products . 06 2. 12 Totals12. 04 The External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFE) demonstrates how opportunities and threats may affect the company. Similar to the IFE, this gives a visual rating of the importance of external factors that may contribute to or inhibit the success of Staples. Seen in the matrix above, new opportunities can greatly contribute to the success of Staples.With such liberal expansion opportunities, it would be easy for Staples to make new connections overseas, whether in creating new locations or promoting online sales. New partnerships should be looked into as well. Staples has already teamed up with Barnes & Nobles, but opportunities with other major brands might impact Staples sales in a positive way as well. Implementing a research and development team can give Staples the opportunity to study consumer patterns, marketing techniques, and what products to offer to better meet the needs of society.Competing companies that offer similar prod ucts are the greatest threat the Staples. To best combat this, Staples needs to be prepared to offer the best customer service and technologies to stay in the competition. New technologies are changing what consumers need in regards to office supplies. For standard, most consumers have switched to computer filing, rather than paper filing. This reduces the need for so much paper, files, folders, and filing cabinets. While some may still need this, Staples may want to look at reducing their inventory of these items and offering a larger supply of more current and modern items.Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Internal Strengths Strengths refer to the factors that exist within the company and exhibits formations of competitive returns. The organization has dominance worldwide in more than 22,000 locations to include China, Australia, Germany, North America, and a number of other countries. Staples, Inc. is an established organization with a well developed infrastructure that offers business services such as supplies, technology, furniture, and office machines inside the stores as well as online. Staples, Inc. has a competitive advantage with the use of its online sales market.Instead of keeping a large inventory, the majority of the retail store locations stock approximately 7,000 products. When customers do not find a special(a) item inside the store, he or she can receive next day service at the local store when fellowshiping from Staples. com. This avenue provides customers the natural selection to redirect examination over 30,000 products in approximately 125 distributions. When the customer orders a product, he or she can request to receive shipment at the local store, at work, or at a home address. This type of service provides convenience for Staples, Inc. shoppers. In addition, Staples, Inc. ade an investment in regard to its delivery agreement with a purchase of small fleet of electric trucks. The purpose of this investment was to improve the org anizations efficiency and cost minimization by reducing fuel cost by 75% compared to diesel trucks. Internal Weaknesses Weaknesses are the areas an organization needs to try to be imperfections for improvement. Understanding potential weaknesses can help an organization to both manage and remove contingent threats. In contrast to a limited inventory as strength, this concept can be a weakness in regard to customers not wanting to wait for a specific product.Customers may go to a competitor to purchase the needed product or purchase it online. A number of challenges exist because of the advanced technological era. For instance, Staples, Inc. reported a seven percent decline in stock prices correspond to its 2010 Annual Report. Internal Factors Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) Key Internal FactorsWeight RateScore Strengths Strong international growth and partners. 12 4. 48 Advertising and marketing. 12 4. 48 Strong Online sales market. 10 3. 30 Many convenient Locations. 10 3. 30 Staples Delivery System. 11 3. 33 Weaknesses Only 1. % increase in Sales (2010). 06 2. 12 Stock price fell 7% (2010). 06 2. 10 Poor executive compensation plans. 12 4. 48 Poor inventory management. 11 3. 33 No research/development Budget. 10 3. 30 Totals13. 19 As seen above, the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) is used to provide a numerical and visual score of key factors of the internal strengths and weaknesses. This gives management an idea of how to prioritize any issues that may be affecting or attributing the growth or success of the company. With more than 1500 locations throughout the United States, Staples is easily accessible to the population.Their advertising and marketing campaigns are successful and catchy this creates brand awareness, and can potentially bring in more consumers. The internal weaknesses have caused such financial stresses on the company that it is very important that these issues are addressed. For instance, in 2010, there was only a 1. 1% increase in sales and stock prices fell 7% however, the CEO of Staples, Ron Sargent, took a 41% pay increase. Moves like this can set Staples up for failure, so it is important for management to be aware of these internal issues through the use of an IFE.With no research and development budget, Staples is falling behind the trends of fast-paced society. They are not current on what is popular and what issues may be hurting their sales. * chock up Analysis According to Thompson, Gamble, and Strickland (2006), A SWOT analysis is a simple but powerful tool for sizing up a companys resource capabilities and deficiencies, its market opportunities, and the external threats to its future well-being (Chap. 3, p. 85). A SWOT analysis is a significant portion of the strategic planning model.An organization uses a SWOT analysis that consists of strengths as internal forces of the organization to accomplish the objective weaknesses are internal forces of the organization that harm the objecti ve opportunities are external forces that can expand the organization threats are external forces that can destroy the organizations success. In developing a strategic plan, leaders must ask if the current strategic plan is adequate to achieve the goal and are there allowances for contingency plans if the current plan is not working.thitherfore, an effective strategy will consider the internal and external factors of the SWOT analysis by looking for at the big picture of what an organization will face in the course of goal achievement. SWOT Matrix Space Matrix Current Strategies stock-take Staples is looking to reduce physical inventory in stores and offer a wider variety via Staples. com (Donoher as cited in David, 2013). In doing this, they can limit the size of store locations and be able to cut building costs, utilities and floor space on new locations.In addition, research done by Shankar, Rangaswamy & Pusateri (1999) indicates that online shopping is more convenient than off line shopping and allows consumers to find products to best fit their needs. This strategy, once fully implemented may promote more business to the website and offer better selections. The only issue that may arise is not having an item in stock that competitors might have. It would helpful to research buying trends and patterns of this industry and keep those items stocked. Prices Low prices have been the ultimate focus of Staples.This is understandable in retail today, however customer service and loyalty programs are just as desirable to consumers. Indicated by Shankar, Rangaswamy & Pusateri (1999), customers are not gauzy just to price increases, but rather a mixture of factors that contribute to the overall buying experience. Slightly raising prices and focusing more on customer service can produce a better experience for in-store shoppers and may encourage them to return. Also, in some cases, low prices can correlate with low quality.When Staples offers their own brand items for extremely low prices, consumers may consider the price in relation to the quality. Recommended Strategies Based on the case study, Staples, Staples has seen gradually declining sales and profits in recent years (Donoher, as cited in David, 2013). In order to turn that around and be a successful office supply company, they need to implement new strategies. Staples is not a competitor with other office supply companies. They cannot maintain desirable inventories of what consumers are looking for and they cannot beat the prices and leverage that other similar stores offer.If left alone, Staples will go out of business. Suggestions on strategies that may offer aid to Staples are outlined below. Retrenchment Retrenchment occurs when an organization regroups through cost and asset reduction to reverse declining profits (David, 2013, P. 146). If Staples would try this strategy, they might be able to save the company and turn it around. In order to implement this strategy, they would m oderate opening new stores, and perhaps even close stores throughout the United States. Closing stores throughout the United States can greatly reduce costs and increase revenues.It would be most logical to close the locations with the lowest annual sales. In addition, by reducing the number of store openings would allow for more focus to be within what Staples already has. This means there would be more time to focus on customer service, inventory management, product display, management, and online sales. Online sales are such a large portion of their business, it may be more effective to put more efforts into obtaining sales through that medium, rather than brick and mortar locations. Related DiversificationIn order to remain in the competition, Staples must be open to diversifying the products they currently offer. Staples needs to revamp their current inventory and look at what it is consumers want today. With such a boom in technology, there is a consumer desire for new and up- to-date items. The items they rarely sell need to be taken off the shelves or offer a very limited inventory in stores. That clears up space for new items, and a greater inventory capacity. By stocking items that customers want can increase the traffic flow through the store.Often, consumers know competing stores, such as Office Depot and Wal-Mart have more of what they need, so Staples is eliminated completely. Recommended Annual Objectives and Policies Organizational Annual Business reports are a vital tool in making recommendations for annual objectives, and policies. The annual report identifies the companys short falls, but more significantly it shines the light on the organizations achievements. The annual report also illustrates the plans and strategies to rectify its weaknesses, and refute potential threats.According an article by Jill Leviticus, an annual report provide information on the health of your company to shareholders, stakeholders, the media and your community. ( Leviticus, 2012) The article also states that the organizational annual report provides financial information, highlights achievements, promotes the organization, and other key information to the stakeholders (Leviticus, 2012). Staples 2011 Annual Business Report outlines the organizations recommended annual objectives and policies, which is based on the needs of the employees, shareholders, and customers.Annual Business Reports and meetings cover a broad range of objectives and policies. Staples 2011 Annual Business Report covered topics on beneficial of ownership of common stock, corporate governance, and election of directors, employee stock plans, and long-term cash plans (Staples, Inc, 2012). Adjustments to these specific objectives and policies will specifically impact the viability of Staples, Inc. The aforementioned Staples Soul Program has been instrumental in making the organization the employer and neighbor of choice. (Staples, Inc, 2012) Staples has been proactive in im plementing policies and objectives to acilitate the organization in achieving goals centered around the four pillars of the Staples Soul Program, which are community, ethics, diversity, and environment (Staples, Inc, 2012). Strategy Review and Evaluation Defining a strategy is an educated guess. The guess is a key process in any organization. The transports that occur in todays society can make or break an organization. Strategy, as any other process improvement, cannot be pay backd unless it is measured. There is an old saying that says it is hard to know where you are going until you know where you have been.Strategy has to be evaluated to delay if the direction of change is favorable or unfavorable to the organization. There are acronyms of famous cycles to help lead an organization to improve. PDCA, PDSA or DMAIC are some of the well-known cycles. These cycles define a basic process of evaluating changes made to determine if the actions taken reflect the desired results. A si milar process of planning, doing, studying and acting has to be defined in each organization. Organizations can vary in the data used but the process will be the same. DataThere are a number of inputs that need to be included into strategy development. External inputs include items such as customer needs, customer survey results, industry trends, regulatory requirements, technological advancements, market risks and competitive intelligence to name a few. Internal inputs include company vision, mission, goals, philosophies, employee survey results, SWOT analysis and balanced scorecard results. These inputs will help determine what a companys balanced scorecard should be. The balanced scorecard could be used by location moving up to the organizational level.It could also translate down to specific goals and objectives for individual performance management. rhythm Once the balanced scorecard has been developed then it is time to capture the results. In most cases these results are mea sured monthly. There are some cases where the time frame may extend to a longer period of time depending on the metric being measured. For instance, financial information would probably be compute monthly by an internal team. An external assessment could be used to challenge or protect your company such as Sarbanes-Oxley audit. These measurements help determine direction.Review Periodic reviews of balanced scorecard information are required to determine if the actions taken are effective or not effective. These reviews can occur at different time intervals. Changes or actions taken can immediately take effect or it could be a period of time before the change is realized. An example of immediate effect could be actions taken to reduce inventory levels. Depending on the action the company may see the results on the following month. An example of a longer term effect may be implementing an open door policy which involves a cultural change that may not be seen immediately.A general und erstanding of the metric and the anticipated impact time should be rationalized during the review process. Adjustment Once the review has been analyzed actions should be taken to correct metrics that are not performing to the desired results. There are several methods of problem-solving that can be used to help work through the possible contributors of poor performance. The A3 process was derived by Toyota. The process is a collaborative problem-solving tool used to manage individual issues from beginning to end.The A3 process identifies the team, the problem, the metrics used to measure the issue, potential causes, countermeasures to potential causes, responsible party assigned and results. The cycle starts again similar to the Plan, Do, Study and Act cycle mentioned earlier. Recommendation The recommendation for Staples is to have monthly reviews as well as annual reviews. The monthly reviews would consist of A3s developed for each of the metrics. The A3s would be reviewed to see how the countermeasures are impacting the metric. This type of review will help monitor performance in the short-term time frame.Annual reviews should be conducted on the internal and external inputs and balanced scorecard results. The annual review would be designed to develop the strategic plan for the following year or longer. References Business Improvement Architects. (n. d. ). Understand the organizations vision. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from www. bia. ca http//www. bia. ca/vision. htm David, F. R. (2013). Strategic Managment A Competitive Advantage Approach (14 ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall. Leviticus, J. (2012). What Is the Purpose of Company Annual Reports? Retrieved November 23, 2012, from www. smallbusiness. hron. com http//smallbusiness. chron. com/purpose-company-annual-reports-57428. html Shankar, V Rangaswamy, A. & Pusateri, M. (1999). The online medium and customer price sensitivity. Penn State School of Information Sciences and Technology. Staples, Inc. (2012, April). 2011 Annual Report. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from www. thomson. mobular. net http//thomson. mobular. net/thomson/7/3218/4642/document_0/SPLS_2011AR. pdf Staples, Inc. (2012, November 14). Corporate Profile. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from www. staples. com http//investor. staples. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=96244&p=irol-IRHome

Research Paper Animal Experimentation Essay

I IntroductionThesis Statement Animal testing is a debatable issue in modern society. Some people argue that sensual testing should be kept due to medical benefits and inquiry subject field conveniences. However, I think animate being experimentation should be banned by refuting reliefers arguments.II BodyA. Opposing argument 1Animal experimentations ar conducted for humanity health.Rebuttal to this argumentAnimal testing give the axe baffle serious problems regarding to human health. a. The results of animal experimentation ar often inconclusive and cannot be accurately applied to human. b. Animal drug testing ca ingestions a lot of chanceful side effects.B. Opposing argument 2Animal experimentation is vital for research purposes.Rebuttal to this argumentEthnics problems Are humans too selfish?a. Animal testing can be extremely cruel and inhumane.b. Examples to illustrate the cruelly experiments conducted on animals.c. Animals merit the equal rights as humans.C. Opposi ng argument 3There are no effective alternatives to animal experimentation.Rebuttal to this argumentThe facts of efficient non-animal methods and germane(predicate) benefits.a. Examples of successful alternative methods.b. Lists of possible technology as alternative methods.c. The benefits of non-animal methods.III ConclusionAnimal Testing should be banned due to its cruelness, moral issues and the origination of effective alternative methods.Should Animal experimentation Be Abandon?Animal Experimentation, also known as animal testing, is the use of animals to conduct experiments or do research in the laboratory. The bend of animals utilize in experiments increased dramatic bothy after World War II. Nowadays, animal experimentation is widely used in some areas such as medical research, behavior sphere, and drug tests. It is estimated that scientists in America utilize more than 15 million animals each year in their research. Also, animal research and testing is used in almos t 10% of all biomedical research. (Animal experimentation, 2011, para.4 ) While some people verify animal experimentation is necessary for social progress due to its unique contributions to human health and scientific researches, opponents of animal research argue that it is cruel, immoral, and unnecessary.As a matter of fact, animal experimentation has been a controversy issue for a very long time. At the same time, there are an increasing number of regulations which restrict animal testing to some extent in order to protect animals rights. From my perspective, animal experimentation should be abandoned because of its inhuman cruelness, moral issues, and the human beings of possible alternatives. The most common arguments supporting animal experimentation can be refuted and shown to be unnecessary harm to animals. There are many arguments to support animal experimentation. Supporters of animal testing support animal experimentations are beneficial for human health and vital for research purposes. Also, supporters tend to believe that there are no effectivealternatives for animal experimentation.One of the most common opinions supporters of animal experimentation hold is that a lot of animal experimentations are conducted for human health. They assert animal testing is critical for drug development, the safety of cosmetic products, and treatment for diseases. For instance, Carl Cohen (2005), a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, argues that vaccines for diseases such as polio and malaria could not have been developed without animal testing (para.1). There is no denying that humans did benefit a lot from animal experimentations. People execute on dogs first to learn how to perform surgery successfully, test the toxicity of ingredients of shampoo on mice to ensure the safety of cosmetic products, and study the infected chimpanzees to study the virus effects.These actions seem to be reasonable. However, there are also plenty of problems of animal experimentation associated with human health are ignored by supporters. The results of animal testing are often inconclusive and cannot be accurately applied to human. Many of the drugs approved through animal experimentation have proven dangerous to humans (Thomas, 2008, para.3). The familiar structure of human body is quite different from animals. In fact, animal experimentation results cannot predict many common life weighty side effects of new products like drugs and cosmetics. Animal testing could be the reason that many so called safety products drugs which work perfectly on animals would cause so many dangerous side effects on human body. More seriously, it is possible for humans to suffer from allergic reactions, some blood disorders, disrobe lesions and many central nervous system effects that cannot be demonstrated by animal models (Singer, 2006). Most medications are derived from one big contradiction Our authorities demands that we test all medica tions on animals prior to continuing to human trials, and it admits that applying animal data to humans is a leap of faith.However, animal drug testing cannot tell all the medications would apply to humans. Still, many human diseases go uncured. Besides human health perspective, supporters argue it is necessary to conduct research through animal experimentation. The storey of animal experimentation can be traced back a very early time. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the books of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE (History of anthropoidal animal research, 1984). The achievements of animal testing research cannot be ignored. For example, the Roman physician Galen dissected pigs and apes to demonstrate that veins pass blood, not air as people previously thought.In the early 1600s English doctor William Harvey dissected numerous types of animals, including frogs and fish, to show how blood circulates the body. During the 1800s, scientists used anima ls to examine the role of microorganisms in causing disease (Gilland, 2002).Scientists stop advantage of the animals biological similarity to humans to gain advanced biology and behavior knowledge. Furthermore, scientists can create controlled environments for animals (regulating their diet, temperature, and other factors) in a way that would be difficult for human research subjects. Evidence shows the research progress benefits from animal experimentation. It cannot be denied that the animal experimentation plays a crucial role in research.However, as the scale of animal experimentations increasing drastically over years, there are more animal-rights movements and more ethics questions have come to the top. Opponents of animal experimentation consider it is un honourable due to reasons such as it is cruel and inhuman, and it violates animals rights. Firstly, animal testing is always merciless. The embodiment of where animals are kept within laboratory could be poor, and animals a re often exposed to harmful chemicals to see the results. In 1997, people for the Ethical Treatment of Animals put down staff inside Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) in the UK. The staff was hitting puppies, shouting at them, and taking blood samples from the dogs. (Its A Dogs Life,2005). other example is the primate experiments conducted at the University of Cambridge in 2002.The monkeys in laboratory had undergone surgery to induce a stroke, and were left alone after the procedure for 15 hours overnight. They were totally given food and water for two hours a day so that researchers can bankrupt observe their reactions in different situations (Sandra, 2005). The extremely pain and ache caused by animal testing has become a serious ethics issue. The second debatable ethics issue is regarding to animals rights. People have started to ask whether animals deserve the same rights as humans. According to humans basic rights, a person may not be killed, cruelly treated, intimidated, or imprisoned for no good reason. Put another way, people should be able to live in their own needs and preferences. What about animals? Do they deserve the basic esteem like humans? There is no doubt that animals experience life as humans do. Animals can feel pain and fear, and they would be desperate in difficult situations.It is true that animals do not have the same abilities as humans. They cannot speak, write or invent things, but neither can some humans. toilet we deprive the rights of those humans who lack these abilities? Do we say disabled humans have no inherent value and rights? Certainly not, because their lives still has value to them. As philosopher Tom Regan (1985) has said in his argument for animal rights we are each of us the experiencing subject of a life, a conscious creature having an individual benefit that has importance to us whatever our usefulness to others animals too must be viewed as the experiencing subjects of a life, with inherent value of their own (p.13).It is not justifiable to harm animals lives for the benefits of humans. serviceman tend to regard themselves as the most important and valuable species on earth. However, this opinion is too self-centered and unmoral. Millions of species are all living on this planet, and they all deserve the dignity to live. Even though there is no doubt that better research progress would be gained from animal testing, we human cannot take the benefits from the disaster of other species.We are part of this planet, and we have the obligation to protect ecological balance, not to harm it. Supporters of animal experimentation are also aware of the defects and ethical problems of animal experimentation, but they assert there are no effective alternatives to animal testing. As a matter of fact, with the development of technology, there are many more possibilities to conduct experimentations without animals. Thanks to modern technology, more and more non-animal research is being used now all ov er the world. For example, Pharmagene Laboratories is the first company to use only human tissues and sophisticated computer technology for the purpose of drug development and testing. People in Pharmagene use sophisticated scanning devices to analyze inner structure of human.With tools from biochemistry, analytical pharmacology, and molecular biology, Pharmagene is able to study human genes and drug effects on the proteins they make. They have made great achievements in the field of non-animal experimentation. Besides, the scientists in Pharmagene believe that the study process would be much more efficient with human tissues instead of animals. They also state there would be lower take chances associated with non-animal experimentation. (Coghlan,1996). As I pointed out before, animal testing can be inconclusive and inaccurate. Also, it is usually expensive to do experiments on animals. On the contrary, non-animal methods often take less time and cost less to conduct. Effective, af fordable, and humane research methods include sophisticated in vitro, genomic, and computer-modeling techniques as well as studies of human populations, volunteers, and patients. Why do we have to conduct the cruel, immoral animal testing which cost us money and effort? People can use these effective alternatives instead.Today, animal experimentations are still used widespread in areas of biology, behavior study, medical research, and drug testing. Although supporters of animal experimentations argue that animal testing is beneficial for human health, critical for research purposes, there are strong evidence showing that animal experimentation might not be necessary. Animal experimentation can cause a lot of dangerous side effects in drug testing. Moreover, Peoples diseases cannot be accurately treated through animal experimentation. Also, there are serious moral issues associated with animal testing, and we should not take the benefits from the misfortune of other species. People n eed to be aware of the disadvantages of animal testing and seek for better alternatives. Non-animal methods often take less time and cost less to conduct. With the development of technology, there would be more and more effective alternatives to animal testing. Due to the unlike disadvantages of animal experimentation, we ought to abandon animal testing and focus on better solutions. I believe humans can benefit more from non-animal experimentationsReferencesAnimal Experimentation.(2011). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Balls, M. Statement on the Application of the Epiderm Human Skin Model for Skin Corrosivity Testing. New York, NY Metropolitan. Cohen, C. (2001). The Animal Rights Debate. Lanham, MD Rowman. Coghlan, A, (1996). Pioneers Cut Out Animal Testing. New Scientist, 9, 31-33. Deborah, L. (2009). invention Multicellular Organotypic Models of Normal and Malignant Breast Tools for Dissecting the Role of Microenvironmen in Breast Cancer Progression. Breast Cancer Research, 11, p.3. Festing, S. (2008). Animal Researcha Defense. Retrieved from http//www. Newstatesman.con/life-and-society/2008/03/animal-rights-debate. Gilland, T. (2002). Animal Experimentation Good or Bad? London Hodder. Its a Dogs Life. (2005). Small World Productions, pp. 54, 56. Laboratory Primate Advocacy Group. (1984). History of nonhuman animal Research. Boston, MA Bedford.Regan, T. (1985). The Case for animal rights. New York Basil Blackwell. Sandra, L.(2005). Lab monkeys in tests. The Grardian. p. R3. Singer, P. (2006). In Defense of Animals The Second Wave. Malden, MA Blackwell.Thomas, P.(2008). Animal Testing desperate to Human Health. Retrieved From http//www.newstatesman/life-and-society/2008/animal-right