History of Civil Engineering Essay

obliging practice involves the design, construction, and support of works such as roads, bridges, and buildings. Its a science that includes a variety of athletic fields including soils, structures, geology, and new(prenominal) fields. thence the history of cultivated engineering is closely associated with the history of advancement in these sciences. In ancient history, just about of the construction was carried out by artisans, and technical expertise was limited. Tasks were accomplished by the usage of manual exertion only, without the use of sophisticated machinery, since it did not exist. Therefore, civil engineering works could only be realized with the utilization of a large number of skilled workers over an extended period of time.* Prehistoric and Ancient urbane plan StructuresIt might be appropriate to assume that the science of civil engineering truly commenced surrounded by 4000 and 2000 BC in Egypt when transportation gained such importance that it led to t he development of the wheel. According to the historians, the Pyramids were constructed in Egypt during 2800-2400 BC and may be considered as the get-go large structure construction ever. The Great W altogether of chinaware that was constructed around 200 BC is considered an otherwise achievement of ancient civil engineering. The Romans developed extensive structures in their empire, including aqueducts, bridges, and dams. A scientific approach to the physical sciences concerning civil engineering was implemented by Archimedes in the tierce century BC, by utilizing the Archimedes Principle concerning buoyancy and the Archimedes screw for raising water.ASCE Online Librarywww.ascelibrary.orgFree search 800,000 pages every(prenominal) areas of civil engineeringSoftware Engineer DegreeEducationDegreeSource.com/Free_Info100%Online Master Degree Software Engineering for Busy Programmers Seismic Design Groupwww.SeismicDesignGroup.comSeismic Bracing & Engineering Commercial Non-Structu ral Trades Ads by Google* The Roles of well-bred And Military Engineer in Ancient Times As stated above, civil engineering is considered to be the branch main discipline of engineering, and the engineers were in fact military engineers with expertise in military and civil works. During the era of battles or operations, the engineers were engaged to assist the soldiers fighting in the battlefield by devising catapults, towers, and other instruments used for fighting the enemy. However, during peace time, they were concerned mainly with the civil activities such as building fortifications for defense, making bridges, canals, etc.* Civil Engineering in the eighteenth 20th CenturyUntil the recent era, there was no major difference between the terms civil engineering and architecture, and they were often used interchangeably. It was in the 18th century that the term civil engineering was firstly used independently from the term military engineering. The first private college in the U nited States that included Civil Engineering as a separate discipline was Norwich University established in the year 1819. Civil engineering societies were formed in United States and European countries during the nineteenth century, and similar institutions were established in other countries of the world during the 20th century. The American Society of Civil Engineers is the first national engineering society in the United States. In was founded in 1852 with members related to the civil engineering profession located globally. The number of universities in the world that include civil engineering as a discipline have increased tremendously during the 19th and the 20th centuries, indicating the importance of this technology.* Modern Concepts In Civil EngineeringNumerous technologies have assisted in the advancement of civil engineering in the groundbreaking world, including high-tech machinery, selection of materials, test equipment, and other sciences. However, the most prominent contributor in this field is considered to be computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM). Civil engineers use this technology to achieve an efficient system of construction, including manufacture, fabrication, and erection. Three-dimensional design software is an essential tool for the civil engineer that facilitates him in the efficient designing of bridges, tall buildings, and other huge complicated structures. *http//www.thecivilengg.com/History.phpCIVIL ENGINEERING (CE)Overall Focus Public works/infrastructure and buildings/structures. eyeshade Given the number of potential applications, Civil Engineering is a very broad discipline. Primary Areas of distinctiveness1. Construction Management (combining engineering and management skills to complete construction projects designed by other engineers and architects). 2. environmental Engineering (see separate entry) 3. Geotechnical Engineering (analysis of soils and rock in support of engineering projects/app lications building foundations, earthen structures, immunity facilities, dams, tunnels, roads, etc) 4. Structural Engineering (design of all types of stationary structures buildings, bridges, dams, etc.) 5. Surveying (measure/map the earths surface in support of engineering design and construction projects and for legal purposes locating property lines, etc.)6. Transportation Engineering (design of all types of transportation facilities/systems streets/highways, airports, railroads, other mass transit, harbors/ports, etc.). 7. Water Resources Engineering (control and use of water, focusing on flood control, irrigation, bare water supply, and hydroelectric power applications)http//groups.yahoo.com/group/AR001_ARCHCRUZ/files/3.%20LETTERING/

Communicators of the Sea Essay

Dolphins atomic number 18 common creatures at rivers and seas. Majority of small toothed whales ar mahimahifishfishfishs. Dolphins be large sea animals making it part of the cetaceans, where whales and porpoises belong (Stoops, 1996). Dolphins belong to family Plantanistidae and Delphinidae, respectively. Often, people utilise mahimahis and porpoises interchangeably de noning same species but porpoises in particuclar and dolphinfishs atomic number 18 disparate species. Porpoises belong to family Phocaenidae it has a rounded snout and chisel-liked teeth. temporary hookup dolphins be under family Plantanistidae and Delphinidae, instead of a rounded snout, dolphins exhaust beak like snout and sharp, conic teeth (http//www. dolphinlovers. com/facts. php) Fig. 1 Comparison amidst the snout of a porpoise and a dolphin Dolphins are surmount creatures a great deal they are mingling in a group with two to fifteen animal members or more. Most of their communities are dominated by pistillates, its offspring, sisters and other females.Subadult male dolphins will leave these female-dominated communities to start a group of bachelor dolphins if these dolphins become sexually mature, they potbelly move in the female groups for copulation. These mammals are in truth playful. They are often spotted riding the bow wave or stern wake of boats and surfboarding on waves. Chasing and tossing things to one another is one of their favorite plays. If seen jumping or breaching, it indicates en therefromiasm for these creatures. Play is grave for dolphins for de human beingding and as well as to practice their skills necessary for their lifes survival (Geocities.com, 2006). communicating among marine animals, dolphins in particular are extensive and multiform. The new paper foc intentions on these creatures characteristics, particularly their potential to engage in reverberatelocation. Dolphins can see their environment like that of an X-ray machine and thereby com municate this x-ray like images to other dolphins. If sight is in truth crucial for land animals, dolphins use a audio frequency seeing frame called call geting. echo vigorousing is a sensory sonar system used by dolphins for conversation purposes and for locating things in their environment.Through the kick the bucket waves released and listened to sizing, shape surmount speed direction and internal bodily structure of an object is determined. This profound seeing system provides data such(prenominal) as water depth and the panorama of food and rocks making it effortless for them to catch their prey. (http//www. botany. uwc. ac. za/Envfacts/facts/dolphins. htm, 2007). Scope The paper begins with an introduction about the dolphin, and their general characteristics as sea creatures.This is followed by a discussion of their general physiology, including their skin, fin, naiant speed, breathing, and body temperature. The dolphin family is then discussed, with its 33 spec ies with 5 river species and 6 porpoise species. Of these, the most popular is said to be the bottlenose dolphin which are rear in free radical parks and are featured in television programs. The next focus would be on the dolphins brainpower, speficically in their capacity to make tunes among themselves with a wide range of sounds. Their distinctive confabulation patterns are likewise expounded on.The paper concludes with a call for concern and protection from humans, who are sibylline to be stewards of these creatures. Overview With regards to its general physiology, dolphins have rubbery skin. They are classified as mammals and have the capacity of keep an eye oning postgraduate body temperature. They can hold their breath for several legal proceeding making it easy for them to have quick and deep dives of more then 300 m (1,000 ft). To date, there are more than 33 different species of dolphins, over 5 different species of river dolphins and more than 6 different species of porpoises.Though there are umpteen species of dolphins, the most popular are bottlenose dolphins which are frequently featured in television and theme parks. Perhaps their greatest strength is their tycoon to communicate with one another or to echolocate. This is the counterpart of talking to among humans. Dolphins create babbles and sounds signifying an natural mathematical process for which another dolphin can understand, it can signal danger for their kind indeed they should be wonderful or a prey is near at hand thus, everybody must mug up depending on the whistle produced.They can make signature tune whistles that carry distinct information. Considering the cognitive abilities of bottlenose dolphins, their strain accomplishment and copying skills, and their fission confederation social structure, their communication process can be foster studied to provide expresss about their dolphin subject matters and echoes. Humans have the responsibility of taking care of these creatures, performing as their stewards to prevent them from extinction. prevalent Physiology of a Dolphin A dolphins body is savourless having a rubbery-feel of its h demarcationless skin when touched.The skeletal remnants of five digits in the front appendage form the flippers in general acting as its balancer during its swim. The rear appendages are almost absent because the small pelvic get up are deep-rooted in the connective tissue at the base of the tail (Dolphin Lovers. com, 2006). The subcutaneous epidermal tissue of the dolphin forms its immovable dorsal fin its tail fin is similarly dermal in its origin. Its movement is similar with the whales wherein the major force comes from its vertical oscillations of the tail and flukes making it surefooted to swim at a speed of 37-40 km/h, and in some events, its swimming speed reaches up to 48 km/h.Dolphins seem restless in traveling the rivers but in strongity, it rides the bow wave by making use of the ships tru st (Stoops, 1996) Dolphins are mammals, hence breathing and maintaining high body temperature is vital. Dolphins maintain its internal temperature at 36. 5 deg to 37. 2 deg C (97. 9 deg to 99 deg F), with its thick layer of wooden-headed fat (blubber) under the skin. At the top of its head, a single nostril or outlet is displace where it acts as its lungs. Dolphins breathe air at the surface every two minutes consisting of brief unforeseeable exhalation followed by a longer inhalation.Dolphins are capable to hold their breath for several minutes making it easy for them to have rapid and deep dives of more then 300 m (1,000 ft) (Dolphin Lovers. com, 2006). Their swimming capabilities attribute to its powerful tail and the special function of its skin. Due to their streamlined body contour enabling them to have rapid movements and deep dives in the sea like most marine animals. Fig. 2 General physiology of a dolphin The Dolphin Family There are more than 33 different species of d olphins, over 5 different species of river dolphins and more than 6 different species of porpoises (Geocities.com, 2006). Fig. 3 Some Species of the Dolphin Family Though there are umteen species mentioned, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are the most familiar species. It gained popularity because it has been a mainstay of TV programs. Also, people have the chance to meet and greet bottle nose dolphins at ocean-theme parks. The biggest dolphin specie is the one seen in the movie Free Willly Orca (Orcinus orca) or the killer whale where the males can grow up to 9. 6 meters http//www. dolphinear. com/data/dolphin_species. htm Fig. 4. Picture of Orca and the Bottlenose DolphinDolphins Brainpower Greco and Gini (2005) say that dolphins are capable of making tunes among themselves with a wide range of sounds. Dolphins show evidence that their intelligence is greater than that of dogs. Dolphins learn easily and execute complicated tasks, continuous communications with one anothe r, and their ability to mimic the sounds of human row if they are given ample time to be trained. Toothed whales have exceptionally large brains including the splendidly bright dolphins that have capabilities priorly only attributed to humans and apes.Cetaceans (dolphins, whales and porpoises) and its ancestors acquired changes specifically in their brain by means of evolution. sensation of the reliable evidence to support this claim is by measuring the take aim of encephalization of a species or a taxonomic group. EQ is the measure of observed brain size relative to expected brain size derived from a regression of brain weight on body weight for a sample of species. EQ measures how much larger or smaller a species total brain size is from what is expected ground on brain-body allometry (Greco et. al, 2003).Dolphins and humans share many common attributes. Both creatures are mammals wherein the young are born(p) alive and not hatched from eggs. Air is important for both orga nisms since it sustains their breathing the only difference is that dolphins must come up to the surface to breathe in its blowhole on the top of its head and when it dives, the blowhole closes unlike humans that unceasingly breathe air in its respiratory system. Wang (1995) asserts that aside from be mammals, communication is one the major attributes keeping these two organisms at par with one another.Humans are capable of language and speeches denoting an idea or heart for a particular person speckle dolphins create whistles and sounds signifying an action for which another dolphin can understand, it can signal danger for their kind hence they should be alert or a prey is near at hand thus, everybody must prepare depending on the whistle produced. Fig. 5 Illustration of the brain size of (a) archaeocete, Cetaceans ancestor (b) dolphin Distinctive intercourse of Dolphins The capabilities of different organisms are astounding particularly in identifying objects from a far.The as sociation between object characteristics such as visual shape, and sensory characteristics like retinal projection, is unclear. The processes on how these characteristics work hand-in-hand remains imprecise. Dolphins communicate by making two types of sounds vocalizations and echolocation are the two sounds produced by dolphins for communication. Vocalizations are the squeaking sounds from the blowhole that is often heard by humans which is used by dolphins to communicate.Echolocation also called sonar, is a distinctive ability of dolphins to locate and discern objects down under (Janik, 2000). A dolphin releases a particular sound and listens for the echo allowing dolphins to travel under dark waters without bumping or hitting into anything. As much as 1,200 blabbers/ sound can be produced in a southond and can be transmitted in do These clicks are from the rounded forehead of the dolphin, melon along with its lower jaw filled with jelly-like substances for sound waves amplifi cation.When a dolphin swims, the head is moved back and forth to skim by its surroundings, while the echoes are project out to bounce off objects aiming at the lower jawbone, returning sound waves to the inner ear, and this whole process occur rapidly, similarly to how fast a human brain decodes if the individual accidentally touches a scorching object. The tack together of the returning echo and the time it takes to get there is important so the dolphin can determine the shape, size, speed, texture, and density of the object even inside of an object, almost like an X-ray (McCowan, 2001).Echolocation is not solely for communicative processes it also serves the purpose of locating preys, other dolphins, predators, a lost bollocks or a sick dolphin. Through echolocation, it allows dolphin to explore its water world wherein sight is of little use. Also, echolocation entails fast analysis of the sound being heard as to what message is conveyed by the dolphin who transfer the sound (http//www. dolphins-and-more. com/dolphins-echolocation. html)If a dolphin makes a sound, the sound bounces off into objects and creatures then it bounces back in the dolphins direction who is going to receive the sound and the information given by it when its sonar receives it. The dolphins brain comprehends the message obtained, hence the dolphin will respond accordingly to the message. Echolocation provides vibrations, their frequency, the level of energy, the distance and if the object is moving or not is very important. With these factors interacting, it creates varied dolphin messages (Tyack, 2000).Echolocating dolphins serve as models for object recognition sonar systems. The association between echo characteristics and object characteristics was given emphasis. A dolphin may keep sound templates in its brain and be able to recognize whole objects through listening for a particular sound. A dolphins brain may contain algorithms, resulting through natural endowments or exper ience or both, allowing it to identify object characteristics based on sounds (Wells et. al, 1987). Bottlenose dolphins are capabe of producing low frequency sounds ranging between 0.25 to 150 kHz. Higher frequencies range make up echolocation low frequencies sounds which is produced often are for social interaction, these low frequency signals can travel greater distance compared to that of higher as the signals travel much tho distances. These frequency ranges are correlated with the amplitude obtained from studies of dolphins (Hoelzel, 2002). finish off sounds are usually 40-70 micro blurbs, though short, these clicks are loud reaching around 220 decibels. Click trains are the sound sproduced by dolphins.It is consist of hundred or throusand of clicks per second which are high in frequency. High frequencies put ont travel as far as low frequencies, these high frequencies with very short wavelengths admit dolphins to echolocate on small objects and scrutinize the detail of an object. High frquency and the fine details of an objetc are directly relative as such the higher frequecy produced, it would allow the dolphins to further examine the object at hand also, it allows them to train their prey faster(www. dolphinpod. com).The localizing system ability of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus in discerning the characteristics of an object moving in radial motion was studied. The thresholds of the animals threshold sensitivity at its target were given focus. The speed and acceleration were measured respectively (2. 6 cm/sec) (0. 6 cm/sec2). For a target moving at a constant speed, dolphins used probe signals made of two impulses. If targets are said to be accelerating, impulses composed of collar signals are used. These methods are proven effective for technical methods concerning hydrolocation and radiolocation.hydrolocation and radiolocation (Zhukovski et. al. , 2004). The dolphins wave ware and sound is inversely comparative for every wave issue, the sound decreases by only 4 sec/decibel (dB). Low-frequency clicks (6-kHz peak power) are equivalent with three times increase far-reaching 12 sec/dB. The dolphin brainstem is capable of tracking individual click/ 6oo seconds. The latency and amplitude are inversely proportionate (as latency is increasing, amplitude decreases) with increasing click rates. This proportionality may vary depending on the wave production of dolphins.The dolphins brain is capable of processing short frequent clicks. The wave production in correlation with latency and frequency as well as click production can further test the sonar signal processing of dolphins (Ridgway, 1981). The echolocation process sending out clicks and listening to the click echoes is what produces a kind of mental image of the object that a dolphin is investigating with clicks. We know that the changes in the structure of the click echoes are what a dolphin uses to form this mental image, although it is still an unsolved enigma exactly how they manage to accomplish it.This echolocation image is unlikely to be something that a human being could imagine simply because people cant echolocate. But, this mental image is currently the best doctrine of analogy weve got. Scientists have learned from experiments with dolphin echolocation that their acoustic image is quite detailed, and allows a dolphin to do some pretty amazing things Real targets are used to study dolphin echolocation. Classifying the echo parameters is very difficult due to various factors affecting such as physical dimensions and the reflection characteristic of real targets.Dolphin echolocation sounds are transformed into artificial echoes, which are played back to the animal. The phantom echo system, a digital sound processing is used to make echo analysis easier. Echoes of several submersed targets were simulated to evaluate the quality of the method (Aubauer and Whitlow, 1998). In bats and technological sonars, the gain of the receiver is increase with time after the transmission of a signal to balance off for the lost acoustic circulation. The current understanding of dolphin echolocation reveals that automatic gain escort is not a part of dolphins sonar system (Tyack, 2000).Field measurements of free-ranging echolocating dolphins were tested and the results showed that dolphins do have automatic gain control mechanism which is put into practice during transmission phase rather than the receiving phase of a sonar cycle. The amplitude of the dolphins echolocation signals are highly range dependent this amplitude increases as the target increases, R, in a 20 log(R) fashion to compensate for propagation loss. If a school of fishes, with plenty of sound distributors would be the echolocation target, the echoes from the school will be nearly constant with range as the dolphin closes in on it.This characteristic has similar effect as time-varying gain in bats and technological sonar when considered from a sonar system pe rspective (Wells et. al, 1987). Echolocation or biosonar is an auditory imaging system used by various species for navigation and for tracking their prey in their vicinity particularly that their eyesight is incapble of helping them. dismission of vocalizations by the echolocating animal are emitted, detecting the echoes of those sounds and uses them to produce three-dimensional information about the environment. Also, these sounds help dolphins to be aware of their environment, preparing for an enemy attack (www.dolphinpod. com). Toothed whales, small mammals such as rats and shrews uses echolocation. These organisms comprehend their environment via the variation of acoustic reflections. In other words, echolocation is not in force(p) an ordianry auditory scene analysis, itrequires specialized neuronic mechanisms and complex computations for the oragnism to be able to understand the message given by the sender and to intrepret it corretly by the receiver. The neuronic circuit ry underlying echolocation allows for the perceptual organization of auditory information, which guides complex spatially-guided behaviours.(www. seaworld. org). Whistles, buzzes, qucks and pops are the sounds produced by dolphins associated with travelling, socializing and feeding. peculiar(prenominal) sounds are produced for a specific mien which is also associated with changed in season. Pops are signifies feeding quacks are for culture buzzes are for travelling purposes. During summer, dolphins are busy socializing with other dolphins and travelling for food hunt while during fall, dolphins are preparing for migration (Jacobs et. al, 2003).Smolker and Pepper (1999) state that dolphins are eager to learn new vocalizations (whistles) throughout life. Over a 4 yr study period, three male bottlenose dolphins are subjected to form an alliance, to herd female dolphins. Among individuals, whistle sounds produce are varied. The distinctiveness of individual repertoires decreased, the sounds produced by the three bottlenose dolphins became indistinguishable, because some whistles were shared out among each other. By the end of the study, the three bottlenose dolphins had a common whistling sound which was neer heard before the alliance was started.The frequency modulation pattern of the signature whistles of each dolphin contains fit information for specificity but the information received is used by the receiver to identify individuals. Dolphins do not have individual parting features but the sound production is greatly affected by ever-changing water pressure (Janik, 1999), make voice recognition underwater more complex than that in the air. Also, the pitch and the time travel of the whistle or the sonar produced is also affected. Animals identify each others whistles individually rather than just purely differentiating them.Recognition means perceiving something to be similar with an idea or learning that is previously known. Bottlenose dolphins identify themselves with a signature whistle. However, scientists have found no evidence of a dolphin language. A find dolphin may whistle to her calf almost continuously for several days after giving birth. This acoustic imprinting helps the calf learn to identify its mother (Caldwell, Caldwell, and Tyack, 1990). Discrimination can also be used but it does not need previous learning from comparison purposes. The animals differentiate stimuli among them because animals are biased for one class of stimuli.The biases are mainly family based on a preference for an underlying feature in the modulation pattern used by related individuals. The other explanation is that the animals recognize the preferred stimulus individually particularly if the stimuli was encountered before clarifying previous confusion around the role or even existence of signature whistles (Janik, 1999,Tyack, 2000 and McCowan, 2001). Dolphins ability to and identity information in synthetic signature whistles that had all voi ce information removed demonstrates that the contour carries such signature information and that this information is used by the receiver.Janik and Slater (1998) argued that the need for individual recognition and group viscidness are the two key factors for the evolution of vocal learning in dolphins. Vocal learning enhances interindividual disagreement of signature whistles while maintaining potential group, population, or species features in the signal. In signature whistle development, a baby dolphin tends to duplicate the whistle that it only heard rarely adding slight modifications ending up as its own signature whistle (Fripp, et. al, 2005). This process leads to individually distinctive signature whistles.Geographic variation in whistle parameters over longer distances can also be a factor, the whistles produced by the dolphins at gang River are far different from those whistle sounds produced by those at Amazon River, or modifications are already done making each whistle sound unique (Wang,1995). However, the largest dolphin species, the killer whale (Orcinus orca), uses group-specific dialects in its communication system (Ford, 1983). Although vocal learning has evolved in one particular context, it can be used for other purposes once it is established. For example, learning also allows duplication of signals in direct social interactions.Dolphins frequently re-create each others whistles in the wild (Wells. et. al, 1987). These signature whistles carries identity information independent from voice features portray the possibility of using these as referential signals, either addressing individuals or referring to a group, similar to the use of names in humans. Given the cognitive abilities of bottlenose dolphins (Janik, 1999), their vocal learning and copying skills, and their fissionfusion social structure, their communication process can be further studied to provide evidences about their dolphin messages and echoes. Personal Conclusion All cre atures have their own way of communication to their fellow species. Communication and echolocation among dolphins needs further study and experimentation. The processes involved in both communication (whistles) and echolocation are already established but the different factors affecting it are yet to be known. Dolphins have their unique sound, when label a buddy and same with a mother dolphin calling her young. A mother dolphin whistles to her calf almost continuously for several days after giving birth.This acoustic imprinting produced by the mother dolphin helps the calf learn to identify its mother. Dolphins regulate their sounds by shunting air throughout the air sacs beneath the blowhole. Tissue structures in this area slap together (much like a trumpet fakes lips) to produce the clicks. These sounds often extend into the ultrasound region. The whistling sound and the echoes emitted aids dolphins in their survival. The conundrum lies if the whistling signal denotes individua lity or whether it is just a modification of a whistling sound heard within the surroundings.Other factors such as geographical variation, pitch, waves and others can alter the sound produced. It is just so amazing that despite these factors which need to be further studied, the communication processes among dolphins continuously exist. The meaning of the message is not altered despite the mentioned factors. Also, hundred clicks (sounds) can be produced by dolphins within a second but they are able to produce the correct whistle for a specific event and thus the receiver dolphin reacts accordingly.Aside from the clicks produced, neural activity is still studied on how dolphins can accurately compute the frequency of the clicks emitted for them to understand the message. The whistling communication process among dolphins makes them unique among other sea creatures. Echolocation helps them to locate objects since vision would not be adequate in locating objects down under also helping them to avoid bumping into other objects like seaweeds and corals. Whistles and echoes are the counterpart of speech and language for humans.Humans brains and that of dolphins are relatively of the same size. Neural activity frequency computation still remains unclear. Though many computations had been published, it still seems inadequate to explain the processes involved within the dolphins brain. Also, it is fascinating how these control the sound emitted. Despite the factors affecting their communication such as season, water depth, noise pollution, geographic variation their system of communication never failed. Whether it be on great depths of water, the receiver had been effective in sending his message to the receiver.Humans and dolphins are relatively similar but would that be enough to support the conclusion that organisms with large brain structure are capable of communicating with one another? Does it follow that complexity is proportional with brain size? Is it safe to assume that humans and dolphins are closely related? Dolphins in riskiness Dolphins are indeed lovely sea creatures. It entertains us in its own ways. And often, meaningful association between humans and these sea creatures may develop just like in the movies we watch.It is just unfortunate that man harms these lovely creatures as we pollute and destroy their habitats to serve our own purpose. Human beings are the most complex life forms and we must take the responsibility of protecting these friendly sea creatures. Dying Dolphin and Porpoise References Aubauer, R. and Au, W. (1998). ghost echo generation A new technique for investigating dolphin echolocation. Journal of the Acoustical purchase order of America. 104(3). 1165-1170. Caldwell, Melba C. , David K. Caldwell, and Peter L. Tyack. Review of the Signature-Whistle Hypothesis for the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin. In The Bottlenose Dolphin, edited by Stephen Leatherwood and Randall R. Reeves, pp. 199-234. San Diego Academic Press, Inc. , 1990. Dolphin Lovers. com (2006). Dolphin facts. Retrieved February 23, 2007 from http//www. dolphinlovers. com/facts. php. Dolphinear. com. (2006). Dolphin ear. Retrieved 24 February 2007 from http//www. dolphinear. com/data/dolphin_species. htm. Ford, J. K. B. & Fisher, H. D. (1983). In Communication and behavior of whales. Payne, R (ed. ). Westview, Boulder, 129161.

McDonald marketing planning Essay

The complexity of selling provision means that when organizations embark on it, they should expect to encounter a number of organizational, attitudinal, process and cognitive worrys (McDonald 2002). This canvass is an attempt to outline some of those difficultys, however it is beyond this essay to clarify all possible barriers in implementing a commercialiseing plan. After the potential barriers are of writ of execution are specified the essay will try and give possible solutions. The essay will first look at organizational constraints and then progress onto running(a) barriers.Organizational barriersIt is non uncommon for trade planners to experience difficulties in gaining whole-souled executive commitment for an ongoing programmed of, cookery implementation and control. This is ofttimes due to a lack of conclusion linking marketing planning to direct financial benefit. This problem is slight prevalent in the other transcriptional disciplines of Management, Produc tion, pay and Human Resource. Although marketing describes itself as the key care discipline- and rightly so if aright applied-vested interests often draw to obstruct its centrality (McDonald 2002). In practice the other strands are able to flex varying degrees of muscle with the give that is often marginalised. Part of the problem is that marketing is perceive as an abstract art form sooner than a science. Although a new status- that of Chartered Marketer- has been accorded to qualifying members of the Chartered Institute of marketing (Ree.C. 2000), the level of national awareness is low.A major cause for c at one timern is that m whatsoever arrangements crystalize the three disciplines of business (production, HR, AND marketing). The problem with separating the three disciplines is that thither will be a lack of participation of the key functions of the company. This is why a market-orientated approach is needed. As far back as the 1960s Lear (1963)recognised the barrie rs involved and that, whilst marketing taste was desirable from the point of view of nodes, the efficiency based structure of most compositions limited what could be achieved. Morgan and Piercy (1991) make lack of proper training as a major inhibitor of marketing orientation this in issue can lead to weak systems and therefore weak, poorly valued marketing. Marketing orientation is of course a heathen issue. Smircich (1983) sought to define organisational culture as something, which whitethorn be influenced, kindd and manipulated, and in turn influence, change and manipulate members and features of an organization.(Smircich 1983 p359)In her article, Wilson (2000) quotes an assumption that culture develops through problem solving within an organisation but suggests that the lack of clarity of definition leaves us with the conclusion that culture is formed from a human body of external manifestations (observed as behaviors and processes) backed up by belief systems. This compl exity may be the primary(prenominal) reason why culture moves slowly- it involves changing behaviors and shaking beliefs.(Wilson 1998 p3)The slow acceptance of new cultural developments resembling market orientation and the convergence of departments could act as a barrier in the adoption and implementation of market planning techniques.Operational barriersThe design and implementation process of marketing planning can be subject to numerous amounts of possible problems. Many companies have straightaway opted for hold marketing procedures, McDonald states that introduction of formalized marketing planning systems have serious organizational and behavioral implications for a company as it requires a change in its approach to managing its business.(McDonald, 2002, p79)Unless businesses recognize these implications and seek ways of coping with these changes their planning could fail. This essay is now going to focus on possible operational barriers a business may face, when design ing and implementing a marketing plan.McDonald states, A major cause of failure or partial failure of marketing planning systems is the belief that once a system is designed, it can be implemented immediately.(McDonald 2002 p82)Businesses who subscribe to this view often fail to implement a timetable for their plans. This can cause them to non fully plan the planning process. The forgetful planning could cause ineffective plans as they are non tried and try oned, it could also cause them not being communicated successfully. McDonald discuss how planning the planning process above all gives a resolute reek of purpose, and dedication is required, tempered by patience and a willingness to appreciate the inevitable problems which will be encountered in its implementation.(McDonald 2002 p82)Possible problems can occur in the presentment of the planning terms. Confusion in the midst of members of an organisation concerning the content of the marketing plan can be elevated due to pe rplex terminology and undue amount of teaching and detail. Planners are usually highly skilled and use expressions, which can be perceived by operational managers as meaningless jargon (McDonald 2002). Elaborate systems can often be infernal for over planning. Over planning can create huge amount of data and selective development, which may not necessarily be needed. This can be de-motivating for all concerned and cause loss of focus to the main issues (McDonald 2002 p85).McDonald writes about how the once a twelvemonth ritual culture is one of the most common weaknesses in the marketing planning systems (McDonald 2002). Some Managers see the writing of a marketing plan as a troublesome activity, which is only completed to satisfy headquarters. This could lead to the plans being thrown aside and not properly completed or followed. McDonald states that whilst this is obviously closely partaked to other explanations as to why some planning systems are ineffective, a common featu re of companies that treat marketing planning as a once a year ritual is the short lead time given for the completion of the process, managers tend to pause it to secondary importance.(McDonald 2002 p86)Managers confusion over manoeuvre and strategy form the foundations of why so many businesses become less profitable. McDonald articulates that a tactical plan make ups in quite a jackpot of detail the actions to be taken, by whom, during a short term planning period. This is usually for one year or less. A strategical plan is a plan, which covers a period beyond the next fiscal year. Usually this is for between three and five years.(McDonald 2002 p31)Previous decades have seen businesses using short-term tactical marketing. Many businesses used their short-term tactical strategies as a justification as to why they had been successful. McDonald is in disagreement with this and believes firms using these tactics were largely successful in the 1970s and 80s due to the simple mili eu and the easy marketability of products and services (MacDonald 2002). The increased complexity of like a shots markets has meant that businesses need to have a more(prenominal) strategic and semipermanent approach. However McDonald explains that even when several businesses realize they need to take a more strategic approach they implement strategies, which are more sales forecasting and budgeting (McDonald 2002).The reason for this misguidance is that managers can trick operational planning and strategic planning some even argue that the two are separate entities, whereas they are very much interlinked. The mistake made by manymangers is that the figures that appear in the long corporate plan are little more than statistical extrapolations that satisfy boards of directors (McDonald 2002). This common misdemeanor subjects the operational and the long plans to begum divorced from each other. The short-term plans become reactionary and the semipermanent plans lose their rel evance and much needed cohesion and logic. McDonald explains, This separation positively warns operational managers from thinking strategically, with the result that detailed operational plans are created in a vacuum.(McDonald 2002 p88)A real life example of a business separating tactics and long-term strategy was Ben and Jerrys ice cream. Ben and Jerrys had enjoyed smashing profitability until 1994 when their target market which consisted of scoop high priced ice cream eaters shifted to more affordable ice cream. This lead Ben and Jerrys to re-evaluate their once invite pricing strategy and engage in a price war, which ultimately meant a loss of profitability. Ben and Jerrys lost market share because they failed to change themselves and adapt to a new competitive environment because of organisational inertia. To switch this Ben and jerrys need to identify the changing tastes of consumers. To do this they need to develop a marketing plan, they showed no real evidence in doing t his in the past. Ben and Jerrys reliance on cause-generated marketing (short- term) had its benefits of adaptability, however long-term marketing planning has focus. (Gilbert.G. 2001)The implementation of marketing planning is very reliant upon dependable information. Poor information can erect possible barriers in achieving business objectives. Piper and smith conclude, The basic logic of strategic planning is the production of a system which allows the matching of internal strengths with external opportunities whilst offsetting internal weaknesses and outside threats.(Piper and Smith 2002 p32)The barrier to affectively achieving this is obtaining the right information Piper and Smith state that poor information can be as damaging as ones made on intuition and past experience(Piper and Smith 2002,p32)A classic example of businesses gathering insufficient information was coca-genus Cola. In the late 70s and early 80s coca-colas investigate found out that the taste of their produc t was not recognized as superior to the other cola drinks. This led coca-cola to change the taste. In testing the new and improved flavor they used blind test research. The test concluded that a larger percentage of populate choosing the new flavored coca-cola drink over any other drink. This led them to dramatically introduce the new flavor instead of the old one. Although initially this went well, people started to complain that Americas symbol and long-term friend had betrayed them. People started to stockpile the old coke and turn come out the new flavor. Coca-cola received over 40,000 complaint letters and America even laid plans to file a class action lawsuit against coca-cola (Hartley 1998).Obtaining adequate research information from audits is very problematic and expensive. Acquiring good information is often a barrier in the process of a good marketing plan.Solutions on design and implementation barriersWicks writes an interesting article about how the marketing departme nt within businesses must market themselves in order to gain good funding and support. Wicks argues that a too familiar story in business is that of marketing departments budgets being cut in poor times, which leaves a demoralized marketing team. To back this claim up a recent survey by the university of Warwick asked top managers if business was poor what would be the first thing cut. In number one spot came marketing with 23% (Wicks 2002). To solve this problem Wicks argued that a similar approach to that of focusing externally on customers must be adopted internally. The customer is senior circumspection and the competition is other departments who are also partners,as they may share some of the budget if done correctly (Wicks 2002). Wicks states the next step is to sell the department and relate everything to the goals of senior vigilance and keep things simple.(Wicks 2002 p4)The convergence and inter department co-operation is largely a cultural thing. McDonald states marketi ng is a management process whereby the resources of the whole organisation are utilized to satisfy the postulate of selected customer groups in order to achieve the objectives of both parties. Marketing, then, is first and foremost an attitude of mind rather than a series of functional activities.(McDonald 2002 p565)Rose (1990) proffered that success lies in engaging the employee with the goals of the Company aligning the wishes, necessitate and aspirations of each individual who works for the organisation with the successful pursuit of its objectives. Hodgetts (2000) insist that companies seeking to survive in the 00s must create organisational design based on sharing authority, responsibility, and resources amongst people and divisions to achieve common goals. By this means, managers will be able to change their strategies, continually realigning their organisations with emerging opportunities, then articulating the new strategies so everyone knows what the organisation is about .The convergence of departments and non-isolation of marketing is crucial in the co-operation in marketing planning, Organisational culture has a significant tinge on if and how hierarchical change can be implemented. By centering an organisation on its association, and allowing big flow of that knowledge, it is possible to break down these barriers (Cive. E.2000).McDonald argues that one of the most debated issues in marketing planning today is where the responsibility for setting objectives and strategies should lie (McDonald 2002). What is not argued by McDonald is thatshort-tactics and long-term strategy should not be separated or misunderstood. McDonald believes that operational planning and strategic planning should be very much part of the aforementioned(prenominal) process, he states that wherever possible they should be completed at the same, using the same managers and the same information process.(McDonald 2002 p88)The strategic plan should be completed first and cov er a period of between three and five years and when this is completed the operational and more detailed plan should be created (McDonald 2002). McDonald concludes, neer write the one year plan first and extrapolate it.(McDonald 2002 p564)The integration of tactics and strategy should geological period the divergence of the short-term thrust of a business at the operational level from the long-term objectives of the endeavour (McDonald 2002). It should also prevent the preoccupation with short-term results at operational level, which according to McDonald makes a business less effective in the long run (McDonald 2002).Once the planning system is designed and tested a major problem that has to be avoided is the excessive planning and detailed as mentioned earlier. McDonald maintains that in successful companies there is at all levels a wide spread understanding of the key objectives that have to be achieved and a means of achieving them. This cohesiveness is achieved by a means of layering. At each level management compendium is synthesized into a form that ensures that only the essential information needed for decision purposes reaches the next level (McDonald 2002). The presentation of strategic plans should be clear and concise. A good marketing plan should be no more than about a dozen PowerPoint slides that can be easily read, understood, and shared widely. It must support the overall business strategy and contain simple success metrics that link to the financial goals of senior management (Wicks 2002).As mentioned earlier the acquisition of good and reliable data can prove to be a barrier in the implementation of a marketing plan. Poor information could render a marketing plan unsuccessful. Alice Clegg argues that researchers need to apply judgment and to have a broad base of knowledge and know how to integrate evidence successfully, from both qualitative and quantitative sources. McDonald argues that a company should have good sound information flow and scan the environment thoroughly. This could be done through adequate sources of information and internal databases of information. This should lead to more detailed forecasting and limited possible problems.In concluding a business should strive for a culture, which embraces cross-departmental involvement in marketing. Marketing should be state of mind in every member of an organization. The marketing planning structure should be adequately planned and tested. A business should have a domineering procedure with a common format. The long-term strategic plan should cover between three and five years and be interlinked with the one-year operational plan. Within the plans a systematic system should be developed to prioritize objectives and interlinked them. The environment should be thoroughly scanned and information should be passed up the channels through a laying system, which only allow relevant information to be passed on. resultantMarketing planning is a series of activities concerning objectives, auditing, analysis and assumptions. The complexity of it renders it subject to possible problems and barriers. Organisational culture and management ignorance are major barriers in implementation of a marketing plan. Some organisation seem to not merit the possible benefits of strategic planning, they cut marketing budgets and isolate the department. Managers can confuse the short-term plans with the long-term plans. Short-term plans are often prepared first which regularly means they are reactionary and discourage managers thinking strategically.Organisations should create a culture, which embraces marketing, it is, andshould be a state of mind, with all departments involved. Organisations should develop the strategic long-term plan first and then create the short-term operational plans. The marketing planning process should be structured and planned extensively, with objectives listed in importance. Marketing planning and implementation face many barriers h owever pursual structured and planned models can avert and foresee potential problems.

Example of Resume and Practical Application Letter Essay

On behalf of the School of Business and Economics, I submit hereby an application for the student mentioned below to conduct his/her industrial study under your esteemed organization. The industrial training program is one of the course requirements for student to complete their Bachelor of Business (with honors) degree at University Malaysia Sabah.For your information, the office should last for 3 months from 24 June 2013 to 13 September 2013. The main objective of this placement is to expose the student to the working environment in the corporate world, of which can be explained further by the attached curriculum Objectives. The following student (enclosed CV) is majoring in Entrepreneurship 1. BB1011xxxx ALIA UMAIRA BINTI MOHD RAFI (I/C NO 901228-01-xxxx) For further information, please do not break to contact any number of the practicum coordinator during office hours.In addition, below are few other objectives with feign to practical training o To brief the trainees the r oles and task performed as well as to prepare unremarkable/weekly schedule. o To improve the trainees understanding on the companys roles and contribution towards the industry. o To digest opportunity for trainees to be involved in the organization operation management and other activities such as briefing/seminars, workshops, exhibition and etc. o To improve communication and public relation techniques in ramble to enhance better relationship within the company as well as the customers.

Mason

Mason Gupte English 10118 subject 3 The unskilled use of cannabis should remain illegal in the United States of America. Cannabis, or cannabis, is a highly dangerous and addictive do doses that not only leads to physical harm, but is a drug that if legalized, would inadvertently encourage the use of drugs among teenagers and adults all across the country. In recent years, the country has witnessed an increase in popularity in what is known as medical marijuana.Although its viewed today as a medicine and something that is offered to table service patients in America, the positive aura being created around the drug is something that should be considered extremely alarming. The more raft become accustomed to the idea of marijuana being acceptable, the more likely it becomes that a serious repulse for the narcotic to become legal could happen. Legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes would be detrimental for numerous reasons.Scientists confine spy enough about the active c hemical in marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or tetrahydrocannabinol, to allow us to regard that is a substance that should not be tampered with. When a person burns marijuana and starts to inhale the wood pussy, the THC in the plant quickly passes from their lungs into their bloodstream, which transports the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. THC acts upon circumstantial parts of your brain, called cannabinoid receptors, which then triggers a series of cell-based reactions that lead to the dangerous high that user allow for get a line (www.DrugAbuse. Gov). These receptors argon found in parts of the brain that affect pleasure, memory, thinking, concentrating, sensory, coordinated movement and epoch perception. plot a user is under the influence of marijuana, they are pr unity to chronic overeating and tend to submit little to zero effort in any activity they attempt. The use of marijuana can withal lead to distorted perceptions, impair ments, difficulty solving problems, and further complicate the persons ability to strike new things and hold memories.Research has shown that, in chronic marijuana users, the drugs adverse impact on the subjects learning and memory can last up to days or weeks after that person has allowed the personal effects to wear off (www. DrugAbuse. gov). The majority of marijuana users who are asked about their habit ordain respond with something like, at that places nothing wrong with it. However, if studied closely and observed for a period of time, it is no scrap for one to see that the effects are not just physical.The mental harm one will encounter when they inhale the smoke is something that is not just temporary, users can and will suffer long-run from the drugs effects. This is one clear reason why medical marijuana is a contradiction to what is levelheaded and beneficial to patients. Doctors and patients will claim that it is the only way to cope with diseases in particular ca ses, however, harming oneself does not serve well cope with anything in the long run.Although research details for the long-term effects of marijuana havent been completely ironed out, scientists can see that there are consistent similarities between two users who have utilize the drug their entire life. A person that smokes the plant for a large bill of time consistently will observe a noticeable connection between that and their impaired cognitive functioning. A person who does not use the drug will notice less of a fog in their cognitive functioning, where as a marijuana user who has experimented with the drug since a young age will have trouble thinking of things quite often.Another troubling fact about cannabis is that when used in the long-term, can lead to physical addiction. Estimates from research suggest that roughly nine percent of all marijuana users become addicted to the drug this number is likely to increase for those who start young or are daily users (www. DrugAb use. Gov). People who were daily marijuana smokers and attempted to quit, report that they have experienced withdrawal symptoms such(prenominal) as irritability, sleeplessness, trouble getting their appetite back, anxiety, drug-craving, and depression.All of these symptoms are likely to begin within the first one to two days of quitting smoking. Numerous studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between the long-term use of cannabis and change magnitude anxiety, depression, and dementia praecox. However, at this time, it is not clear whether marijuana use causes mental problems, exacerbates them, or reflects an attempt to self-medicate symptoms already in existence (www. DrugAbuse. Gov). What is clear is that high doses of marijuana can lead to psycho reactions within the subject also, use of the drug may trigger or lead to relapse of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.Other effects of smoking marijuana include issues with the heart such as increased likelihood o f a heart attack as a result of an increased heart rate. illegal heart rhythm, palpitations, and arrhythmias also are commonly observed negatives for marijuana users whether theyre frequent or occasional(prenominal) smokers. If one is greater in age or has cardiac vulnerabilities, the risk is much greater. The heart is not the only area of the chest impacted negatively by smoking marijuana, the lungs are forced to pee much harder when marijuana is inhaled.Numerous studies have shown that the smoke created when marijuana is burnt contains 50-70 percent more carcinogens than what tobacco smoke holds (www. DrugAbuse. Gov). Since marijuana users typically inhale much deeper and hold the smoke in their lungs for a longer amount of time than tobacco smokers, they further increase their exposure to these carcinogens. Another dangerous thing one should throw an eye on is the fact that marijuana users show potentially cancerous growth in epithelial cells.The list of reasons why marijuana should remain illegal is a long, but concrete list and something everyone who has used the drug should be encouraged to look at. While it is currently legal within states for medicinal purposes, the authorities has done well by keeping this substance illegal as far as recreational use. Nothing good can or will ever come out of legalizing such a dangerous narcotic. Works Cited Page November 2010. Drug Facts Marijuana. November 4th, 2012. http//www. drugabuse. gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana

Innovation article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation article review - Essay typesetters caseThe foremost step in the process of designing the intro strategies requires outlining the targets and goals of the company. To apprehend what the companys core constitutes of. To realize the type of business they be working in and sketch their strategic plans according to that.The following step that comprises of implementing the innovation process, calls for a rigorous scan of the market opportunities. The companies should turn to their best and the worst customers. thus they should analyze that percentile of the public that is not attracted to their products at all. The barriers constraining that part of population should be evaluated. And the problems they are facing should act as the blue prints for the innovation process.In reference to the hindrances and obstacles, ideas are to be generated and an innovation structure is to be built upon them. The structure should define the strategic goals, training programs, internal coa ches, and growth boards, man in advance(p) incubators and capital ventures could spread the ideas to a commercial level.Finally the last step asks for investments in innovative systems. A number of myriad systems consist of Portfolio planning mechanisms, facilitating critical pick-allocation decisions, market insight processes human resource policies, innovation-friendly measurement systems and many more.The author of the article provides meticulous arguments in relation to innovation and its strategies. He as well as provided detailed information about the all the structures and different systems that entail investments. He is also able to channel consistency to the article, to an extent in the way he carries out the whole innovation process gradually and how he outlines the path of innovation by dividing it into four steps and explaining them fully. Also he gives examples of companies

Types of business entities and legal characteristics of Essay

Types of business entities and legal characteristics of proprietorships and partnerships - strain ExampleFor this reason, it becomes logic and less involving in coming up with other options of sharing profits apart from the dividends.One way used to evade double taxation is by putting all family members on a salary. The salary paid to employees is taxed at the corporation level. However, this is only legal if all shareholders have a well defined job description. If there is any form of over payment or confused rewarding of salaries, the process may be termed to be illegal (Murphy & Higgins, 2011).In another way, the family members can prune themselves from taking dividends and borrow money instead. If a shareholder borrows money from a company, the amount is not dutiable and in all interest generated from the lease are directed in the company.According to Murphy & Higgins (2011) leasing of assets by the family to the company is also a legal way of evading double taxation. In thi s scenario, the family members will greatly affirm on the compensation rates paid to contract assets. In other cases, the leasing of assets also involves easing of humankind resources. In the leasing process, the profits stay in the company and the family members have the right to acquire the benefits paid from their leased assets (Murphy & Higgins,